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2^bc OlnivcrsUv of Cbicatjo 
ICibrarics 




GIFT OF 



htiySEII 
ICU;GAT 




The 
Univernity of Chlo.V(jo 



' JUV.i/Ai 



Ooa-Ua .'ud Business iianHgemeat of the Public; Sohools 
of Charlevoix, Michigf^n. 



:. DisaertatioB 

SubrxdttGd to tne faculty 
of tha graduate school of arta nd litorp-tare 
ill candidacy for the de^gree of 
doctor of philosophy 



Lepartment of Education 



Dy 

H&rry ..y Craig 



';.' 






4 



I 

22 



Pefinltlon of Terns* 

Cost of administration; refers to payments made for control, 
management, regulation and executive work, as distinct from payments 
for aotual performances of the work thus regulwited* The board of 
education administers the entire system; the superintendent admin- 
isters his oontrol of the schools; the teacher on the other hand 
operates the function of teaching; the janitor operates the function 
of oaring for and ruxmlng the school plant* 

Cost of maintenance; synonymous with cost of upkeep. Includes 
all payments made In the restoration of any piece of property to 
Its original condition of efficiency* 

Capital outlay: refers to cost of permanent Improvement 
of the school plant* 

Current expenditure is all expenditure la the school system 
exclusive of capital outlay. 

Cost for builness purposes Includes all expendL tures for 
supplies, auditing and finance, all operaUon and maintenance* 

Cost for educational purposes includei. all expenditures for 
superintendent's office and supplies, salaries of teachers, 
supervisors, principals, educational supplies, and In fact all 
instructional expense of the school system* 

The median is the middle point of a series of figures* The 
median is the point where half of the series of flgares are above 
and half below* The median was used in this discussion because 
It gives less \7eight to the high or low figures of the list* la 
discussion of the cost of a school system, great variation might 
be expected, and median would more nearly meet the aotual condition 
than some other standard type of measurement* 



Cost of BupervlsloB and instruction Inoludee payment for services 
of all pereonB, who in any form hare eupervlslon or who teach 
In the school system* 

Soto: In all oases In this thesis the median is xtsed as th« 
approximate median, or middle point, and not the ti 
median* 



LlBt of Tablee 

Table 1. Aeeecsed Veluation of City of Charlevoix, and 
Township of CharlOTOlx, LIllls for General City 
Tax, and Total General City Tax, Five Years 

Table 2. Charlevoix City and Charlevoix Township Rohool 
Tax, Mill for School Tax, Five Years 

Table 3. Money received from State of LJichigan from 
Primary School Fund, Pive Years, Charlevoix. 

Table 4. Annual average salary paid to regnler teachers 
in elementary school, Charlevoix, 191E-13 to 
1916-17 inclusive. 

Table 5. The annual svera^ salary paid to regular 
teachers in the eecondery school Charlevoix 
1912-13 to 1916-17 inclusive. 

Table 6. jStuaber of instructore, average daily attendance, 
ntimber of pupils per instructor, high school, 
elementary school. Charlevoix, 1912-13 to 1916-17 
inclusive. 

Table 7. Iliunber of pupils per teacher in average daily 
attendance, in element^^ry end secondary schools 
and rank, 17 cities, 1916. 

Table 8. Cost of supervision in elementary and eecondEry 
school, Charlevoix, Five years. 

Table 9. Total annual expenditure, expense per inhabitant, 
and expenditure per pupil in everage daily attend- 
ance, for school purposes, Charlevoiz, five years. 

Table 10. Expenditure for all school purposes per inhabitant 
and per pupil in average deily attendance in 18 
cities of population 5000<-8d0d. 



Table 11. Cost for InBtruction, Charlevoix County IJonasl, 

five years. 
Table 12, Charlevois County's share of cost of Charlevoix 

County normal, five years. 
Table 13. Total coat and cost per graduate Charlevois 

County Sormal for five years. 
Table 14. Total expenditure per pupil in average daily 

attendance for; board of education, nnd business 

office, superintendent 'b office, salaries of 

principals, salaries of tesohers , Charlevoix. 
Table 15. Total expenditure per pupil in average dally 

attendance, for various kinds of services, in 

cities, 5000-8000 - 1916. 
Table 16. Total expenditure per pupil in average daily 

attendance, for various specific kinds of service, 

Charlevoix. 
Table 17. Total expenditure per piipil in average daily 

attendance for various kinds of specific service, 

1915, Cities 5000-8000. 
Table 18. Current expenditures per pupil in average 

daily attendaiice for principal kinds of service, 

Charlevoix. 
Table 19. Per cent of current expenditures devoted to 

principal kinds of service, Charlevoix. 
Table 20. Cxirrent expenditures per pupil in average daily 

attendance for principal kinds of educational service, 

18 cities, 5000-8000. 1915, 



Table £1. Per cent of expend! tureB (current) devoted to 

principal kinds of educational eervioe, 18 cities, 
1915, :.'opxaation 5000-8000. 

fable £2. Total expenditure for business and educEfcion, 
Charlevoix, five years. 

Table 23, Comparison of per cent of all current expenditures 
devoted to eduortional t^nd business pxirposes, 
Charlevoix, five years. 

Table 24. Comparison of current expenditures per pupil in 
average daily attendance for all educational and 
business purijoses , Charlevoix, five years. 

Table 25. Comparison of current expenditures for per pupil 
in average daily attendance, for all educational 
and all business ptirposes, 18 oities of 5000-8000 

p population, 1915. 

Table 26. Comparison of tatal per cent of &11 current 

expenditures devoted to educatiojaal and business 
purposes, 18 cities, 6OOO-80OO population, 1915 

liable 27 Total receipts and total disbursements end 
balances, for five years, Charlevoix. 

Table 28. Total assessed valuation, total amount received 
from teiEtion, number of dollars per 1000 of 
valuation, for school purposes, Charlevoix, five years. 



Tabl« of Contents. 
Sohool CoBtB and Business Management, CharleToiz Palklio Schools 

Oharlevolx, lachlgan. 

I* Intro duot ion* 
1* ^neral 

. A, Historioal 

Part I. 
11* Sahool Costs* 

!• Sources and Amotints of Revenne, for District Ho. 1. Charleyoix 
City and Toms hip* 

A. Taxation as a Source of ReTenos. 
a* Charlevoix City School Tax 

"b* Gharlevoiz Tovmship School Tax 

B. Prima ly Money as a Source of Rerenue 
C« Bonding as a Source of Rerenue* 

0. Tuition of Foreign Students 
■• Fines 

?• Rerenue from Bolk Store 
£• Expenditure of School Money, Charlevoix 
▲• Expenditure for Elementary School Inst znict ion. 
B. Expenditure for Secondary School Instruction. 

a. Tenxure of High School InstruetArs a Factor in Keeping 

Sown Salary Schedule. 
h. lumber of Pupils per Teacher versus Cost of Instruction 



D* Eacpendlture for Supervision 

J>, Bzp«nditur» measured In Comparable Terms* 

a. .Amount Spent per Inbabltant 

b* imonat spent per pupil In average J>aily Attendane* 
£. CiiarleTolz Oounty Normal an Item of Expense* 
I, Sxpendlttires for Various serrioes Measured In ferms of 
average Sally Attendance 

a* Board of Bducation and Business Office* 

%* Superintendent's Offlca 

e* Salaries of Principals 

d* Salaries of Teachers 

0* Bduoatlonal Supplies 

f* Vvages of Janitors 

g* fu«l 

h> Ligbt k Pow«r 
Qt. Current Bx^enditures per Pupil in Average Sally Attendance for; 

a* Adffllnl 8 te ration 

b* Supervision and instraotioa 

0* Operation 

d* Maintenance 
H* Total Bzpendltures at for Business and Bduoatlonal Purposes 
I* Total Heceipts and Bxpenditures 
J, Summary 
£* Reooomendatl ons 



Part II 
Buslnesa Management 
!• Board of Education 

A* Bleotlon of Boavd of Bducatlon 

B* Organl cation of Board of Education 

a. Supeirlntendent as Business Manager 
C. Clerical Help of Board of Bducation 
2* Financial Problems of Charlevoix. 
A* Power of Board of Education to Tax 
B* Colleotion of Monies 
C. Depositing of School Funds 
3* School Buildings* 
A* Operation 

a* Janitorial Servlca 
h. Upkeep of Grounds 
0. Distribution of Supp).ie8 
d. Coal 
B. Maintenanoa 

a. Minor Repairs 
b* Summer Repairs 
4. Summary 
6. Recommendations 



I. IntroduotioA 

1* General 

IhiB thesis is a survey of the ooet and the manegement of 
the puWlo Bohool system of Charlevoix, Michigan. The thesis is 
dlTlded into two parts. Part one compares the costs of the 
Charlevoix school system \vith the costs of school systems In 
cities of from five to eight thousand population. It Tvould have 
been somewhat hegter to have oompared the costs of the Charlevoix 
sohool system with those of sohool systems of equal slxe. But 
reports for towns of this size are not readily available heoause 
there is no uniform method of keeping the records and administra- 
tott of towns of less than five thousand population are not re* 
qulted to make reports to the United States Commissioner of Sdu- 
oatlon. Part two discusses the business management of the 
Charlevoix sohool system. It describes the method of raising, 
and expending the money used in the running of the Charlevoix 
sohool system. 

In making this comparison ^vlth towns of greater population 

thsin Charlevoix, it will be easy to determine how much Charlevoix 

u 
spends on its dohool system in comparison with the aao^^ts spent 

by larger cities. It will thus be possible to rank Charlevoix 
as to its expenditures for school purposes vdth cities of greater 
population. Possibly none of the cities used In the discussion 
are spending sufficient money on public education, therefore it 
will be impossible to state with any great degree of certainty whe- 
ther Charlevoix is meeting its responsibility in the matter of ex- 
penditure for public education. However If Charlevoix ranks high 



in •xpendltures for sohool pxurposas as compared with the cities in 

the fire to ei^t thousand class, it would seem that CharloTolz 
is meeting the general praotioe of expenditure for public 
education* 

A. Charleroix Historically* 

O^rleToix is situated on the western side of Mldiigan, on 
the shore of Lake Michigan and near the base of Little Traverse 
Bay* It is also situated on the ?/e stern shores of tv* sn&ll lakes 
oalled respectively Hound and Pine Lake, both of these lakes empty 
into Lake Michigan* 

Charlevoix developed to its present size, through a loiig 
period of lumberingf Ihat industry however has now practically 
disappeared and the resort trade may now be said to be its 
greatest asset* 

fhe town has about three thousand population* In regard to 
the population at present conditions are nearly static. Unless 
a larger resort trade can be encouraged or factories can bo 
oaused to locate, Charlevoix will probably re«ain at its present 
status. The probability of any great industrial growth is 
hardly possible, in view of the attention given to the resort 
trade* Conditions at present seem to point to the facts that 
the gtowth of Charlevoix will be slow, and that it will be in the 
direction of a greater resort trade, rather than increased in- 
dustrial activity* 



Part I. 
II* Sohool Costs 

I. Sources or Revenue 

A* Taxation as a source of Rerenue* 

yrom table 1 it is plain that the asssssed valuation of the 
city of Charlevoix has increased slowly from the year 1912-13 to 
1916-17 inclusive. The gain for the five years was |162,420.00. 
Such a gain n»de an average increase of about $30, 000.00 a year* 
This was by no means a large growth, in faot it showed a rather 
static condition* At the present rate of growth the amount of 
money that the city of Charlevoix may expect to reoeive from the 
taxation of the property for sohool and other purposes, will 
remain about stationary* The only hope of receiving more money 
for the schools will be through an increase in the mill rate. 
Under the present conditions it seems that the amouAts to be 
received fVom the city for sohool purposes will be very constant* 

The city of Charlevoix evidently attempted to reduce the nua- 
lier of mills for general city tax. In the year 1912-13 the city 
raised 16.6 mills, this number was decreased to 10 the next year 
to seven the follo^:ving year, only to be reised to 8 mills in 
1916-16. The excessive high tax for the year 1912-13 was due to 
the faot that the previous administration had attempted to 
gain fevor mth the people by reducing the tax rate. The result 
vas that the administration previous to the yeer 191E-13 left many 
debts when it went out of power* In order to meet these debts 
the mill rate was raised* 



fh« figures in table 1, bring out the facts that the Oharle* 
TOix Township raluation has been on the increase for the past years, 
hegizLoing vd th 1912-13. The total increase has been for the five 
years (10,636*00, ^idh makes about |2000«00 a year* Judging from 
past aohlevements it is evident that the amount of money that 
will be reoeiyed from that source ^11 not materially increase la 
the fature* 

7rom the prerious discussion it seems erident that the amount 
of money reoelyed from the taxation of the eity of Charlevoix 
and the township of Oharleyoix, will be rather tuiiform as a great 
increase in the assessed valuation cannot be expected* 

Table 1« 

Assessed valuation of City of Charlevoix, and township of 
Charlevoix, Total General Tax, and mill for General Tax. Five 
years* 
Year Assessed Valuation Total Oener- Mills for Charlevoix 





City of Charlevoix al Tax 


General 
City Tax 


Township 
Valuation 


1912-13 


$£,868,540.00 


136,079.91 


16.6 




1195,220.00 


1913-14 


2,281,145.00 


22,817.25 


10. 




210,000.00 


1914-15 


2,364,945.00 


£0,660.36 


T. 




219,896.00 


1916-16 


2.382,795.00 


19,065.60 


8. 




216,420.00 


1916-17 


2,414,960.00 


£4,149.60 


10. 




226,655.00 



a* Oharlevolx Olty School Tax* 

1). Charlevoix Township Sohool Tax. 

Through the taxation of the oity of Ch rleroix, the 8«libol 
district reoeives its largest aaoimt of money for school purposes. 
In the organization of the school district the entire toimship 
is included* This was thought to be a wise solution of the prob- 
lem. The outlying districts which would have been left, had the 
city been taken out of the township would have been to small to 
support good schools. The legal name of the Charlevoix school sys- 
tem is "District No. 1 Charlevoix City and Township." 

Through the incorporation of the township of Charlevoix with 
the city of Charlevoix as one school district a dual system of the 
revenue has resulted. Today this district Ko. I in the administra- 
tion of it school system receives money both from the city proper 
and frOTft the tovrnship of Charlevoix. 

Table & gives the amounts received as a result of taxation 
by the school district for school purposes, from the city of 
Charlevoix and the township of Charlevoix for five years beginning 
with 1912-13. 

The amount of taxes received from the city for sohool purpos- 
es has been very uniform for the time considered in this report. 
The hi^est uniform for the time considered in this report. The 
hi^est amount was in 1912-13; it being $22,651.40. The lowest amount 
was in 1915-16 when the amount was |16,679.67. In fact the school* 
of Charlevoix received less money from the city during the years 
).015-16 and 1916-17 than they did during the three years previous. 
The cause of this was the difference in the mills raised on the taxable 
property. The increase In the rate of the first three years over 





























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On sale at the Bookitores of the Univeriity of Chicago Prets, Chicago. Illii 



the last two was not oausod by any reduction in the administration 
of the public schools during the last two years, but to the buying of 
an athktlo field during the previous years. The field being paid for 
out of the regular taxes. 

The money raised from the taxing of the township of Charlevoix, 
for sehool purposes has also made a slight increase for the five year* 
included in the stndy. The amounts received from this source show 
the same general character as those received from the city. The 
bluest amount received from the taxation of the township, during the fl^ 
years, was $1,758.90 and the lowest amount was $1,220.50, On the 
average the school board;^ can coant on about |1,500.00 from this 
source from year to year* 

Table 2. 
Charlevoix City School tax, Chrrlevoix Township school tax. 
Mills for school tax, five years, Chtrlevoix. 

year Bharlevoix City Mills for ^^'J^J^i? 5°^"^' 

School Tax School Tax School Tax. 

1912-13 122,631.40 10- |l. 758.90 

1913-14 17.108.59 7.5 1.^20.50 

1914-16 18.919.56 •• 1.573.49 

1916-16 16,679.57 78 1.489.90 

1916-17 li.90«.46 7. 1,513.06 



B« Primary Sohool Mojoey as a eouroe of Herenu** 

EiBOh jft«ar the State of Midhigan gives T/That is called primary 
school money to all sohool districts. The amotint tfi.ven to eaoh 
district depending upon the ntmlier of •chool children In eaoh distriot 
The school eensus counts all children between the ages of fire to twenty, 
who reside in the sohool district yfcen the census is taken. This is 
done during the twenty days next proceeding the first ijc of June of 
eaeh year* 

TAHI.E III. 

Money reoeiyed from the State of Michigan, from Primary Sohool 
Tund, Pive years, Chsrlevoix. 
Tear Money reoeired from 

Primary School Pund 
191E-13 |6,289.50 

1913-14 6,164.77 

1914-16 6,264.00 

1916-16/ 6.777.60 

1916-17 5,667.10 

The primary school fund has been a source of reyenue that 
has been yery constant. In table 111 the figures show that in 1912-13 
the amount received from the primary school fond was |i,ifd(.M|5,289.60 
In the year 1916-16 the amount of money froa this source wfeat up to 
#6,777.10 only to drop ba<* in the next year to $6,667.10. This 
source renders to the school revenue of the city of Charlevoix about 
|5,000.00 a year. This amount will not Increase unless there is a 
sudden influx of children into the school district, which will 
raise the number that appears on the school census. Thos would of 

course mean an increase in population which seems Improbable In view 



of the preeent conditions. A discuseion of this point oooTired 
earlier in the thesis. 

The amonnt of money raised by taxation, in the city and 
township of Charlevoix, for school ptirposes for the five years 1912- 
18 to ISie-l? inolnsive has been very uniform. The boerd of educa- 
tion has not seen the need to raise the mill tax so that a larger 
revenue could be secured through these sources* The increased costs 
of running a school, both fur supplies and for Instruction will V2i th - 
out a doubt cause a raise in the mill tax in the near future. In 
faot the board of education has recently discussed this proposition 
and has come to the conclusion that tmoh a step will be necessary 
during the coming year. The amount that would be thos raised, ^^rould 
simply meet the increased costs of administration, due to the pre- 
vailing conditions, and ..ould not provide any enlargement of the school 
activities. 

D. Tuition of Foreign Students. 

Charlevoix has on the average about thirty students who attend 
the high school each year from outlying districts, ahich do not main- 
tain a high school. The tuition is $18.00 per year for such students 
The number of students of this type is increasing from year to year. 
?or the flve years covered in this discussion the school district has 
received eaah year about $500.00 from this source. The records made 
it impossible to secure any exact informatd. on on this subject. 
However the figure given above may be taken as a fair estimate of 
the expected from this source. 

B. Fines. 

A very small amount of money is secured thro fines each 
year. It is however so small as not to make any material difference 

Data on this matter were impossible during the years unnsider in 



this disoussion* 

f. HftTeime fro> tht Book Store* 

She dlstriot retallfi all the eohool books to the pupils In 
the Chrrlevolx School system. The law provides that a ten per cent 
profit may be made on these sales* This source of revenue nets 
about one hundred dollars per year to the revenue of the school 
system* 

Stmmary: 

Thus far I have shown the condition of the city of Charlevoix 
together .ith the souroee from Tiiiich the main portion of the revenue 
to run the Charlevoix public school is secured. The main sources art 
first, taxation upon the assessed valuation of the city of Charlevojs 
second taxation upon the assessed valuation of the towneihip of 
Charlevoix, and third from the primarv school money secured from the 
State of Michigan* It has been shown that from all these sources th« 
amounts received for the past five years, 1912-13 to 1916-17 inclu- 
sive have been uniform* Under the present iondltions it does not 
seem probable th t the amount of money secured throu^ these sources 
to run the school system of Charlevoix will be greatly increased. 



0* Bonding as a Bonroe of He-renae« 

Ite use for v?liloh Bohool none/ is to be ezpendsA ehould in 
SOB* aeasure detexaint the wthod by nhloli It la to be raieed* 
If the money is to be raised for the use of current expenses, 
then the method of tascatlon is the only logical one* fhe benefits 
derived from the expenditure of money for current expenses in a 
Bohool system are traniitorjr^i and the returns on the InTeatment 
are eeoured in ths Innediate preeent* Eaoh taiqpayer reoeires full relua 
for the ooney expended. 

iMMdiate returns for the iMoey spent do not represent all 
types of expenditures incurred in the conduoting of a school systen* 
In the expenditure of money for outlay, snoh as ne'er baildlngs, or 
new grounds, or additions to old buildings, the benefit is not 
innediate, and the eervioes that will be rendered by euch an outlay 
will last for a long period* This is sspeoially taw la small cities 
Where the growth of laie population is net fast enou^ to warrant ths 
building of mvf buildings at short interyals* la the ease of 
Oh rleroix it has beea asYenteen years sinos a new building has 
been erooted* PreTious to that it was a period of tv^lve ^ears, 
bet/reen the building of a new building* Since the intervals bet^Ereea 
erecting of new buildings are oouparatlvely long and the services 
x^oeived meet the oomnunlty needs for a relatively iQag period, ths 
aoney scoured to ereot i^uch buildings should not be paid out of the 
■oney raised by tasiEtion* la small cltleB bonding furnishes aa 
equitable method ofrait ing money for school tKiildlngs* By this 
method the cost of Bueh bullrings is spread at9T a series of years* 



Charleyoiz h£B not taken advantage of this method of raising 
money in the very near ptxst. It hovever was lafled in the erection 
of the Union School in 1889, end also in the erection of the 
MoKinley School in 19BI1. The bonds issued in 1889 end 1901 were 
respectively for |l3.0^o,00 and $10,000.00. The bonds issued in 
1889 were to run tiventy years with five per cent interest. The 
bonds issued in 19ai were to run ten years with five per cent 

interest. 

In July 1909 the bonds that were issued in 18.9 for |13.000.00 
were partially taken care of by paying off $4000.00 ./orth of the 
bonds from a sinking fund. The remaining |9000.00 worth were 
refunded and to pay interest for ten years at five per cent. 
Also an annual tax wivS levied on all taxable property, sufficient 
to provide a sinking fund to the emount of |l,000.00 anually. 
This sinking fund \vas to pay the principal on these bonds when 
theybb^oam* due. This has been the policy of the board of eduo t- 
ion from that time. Inder this scheme the bonds issued in 1889 
will be redeemed during the year 1917-18. 

The bonds Issued in 1901 to run ten years are still un- 
redeemed, making the total indebtedness of the Charlevoix 
school district st the present time $11,000.00. 

The bonds are being reduced at the ret* of one thoueend 
dollars per yerr. At this rate it will be eleven years before 
the bonded indebtedness vdll be paid, .hile this teens a very 
good scheme it ie open to some criticism. It is almost certain 
that before the maturity of these bonds, that new buildings rdll 
be needed in Charlevoix. The type of instruction which .ill be 
demanded in eleven years -7111 make this a necessity, even if the 
growth of the population does not over crowd the present buildings. 



In eleven years the present buildings will here served their 
purpose in the education of the children of the conanunity, 
and should no longer be a debt upon the taapayers. 

•hile bonding is an equitnble method of raising money for 
school buildings in smell cities, it should be so regulated 
that the expenditures for such outlays should be met by those 
who receive the services. In the case of Charlevoix the refund- 
ing of the bonds in 1909, and allo^ving the bonds issued in 1901 
to over sun their stated tiiae for maturity, has postponed 
the redemption of these bonds until it seems fair to state 
that the people of Charlevoix will be paying for the Union 
and MoKinley building after tney have rendered their alloted 
services, and new building will be deiivanded. 



&• TSxpendlture of ' ohool . oney, Charl«Tolx, 

A* Sxpandlturo for Eloraontary r ohool Inetructlon 
B« Expenditure for Sttoond^^ry School Infltruction, 

In disouBBlon the expenditures for InBtniction in the element- 
ary and B4icond»ry school an important type of expenditure Ib 
•zaoined* Instruction taken in the bfoad eenee is the business 
•f a aohool system. It is therefore important to examine the 
amount of money spent in the Chcrleroix Bhhool eystem for 
instruction. Under the present organisation f the school 
system it is oonvenient to dlecuss this expenditure under tr.o 
hesAs} first the cost of elemeaftary InAt ruction, and second the 
006 1 of sscondrry instruction* The tf'bles 4 and 6 show the 
•xpsndi tores in the Charlevoix shhool system for instruction 
ia olasftified form, during the years 1912-18 to lJl7-16 inolus- 

iTS* 

The figures in table 4 sho^ thrt the totrl annual expend- 
iture for elementary school instruction has been very uniform, 
during the five years under discussion* The total expenditure 
for element^*ry Inetiruction has increased in the five years 
$11£0*34, V7hieh .vould make an arerf ge laoreaBe of rbout tv,o 
hundred and fifty dollars per yer r* 

In the exandm.'tion of the snnual eirerage salE^ry the earns 
condition of imiformlty exiets* The highest cnnual averate 
salary paid during the five years was $558*40 which fiae a gain of only 
about fifty dollars in five yenrs. HovTSver the goln in the 
amount of the annuel averr-ge salary in the elementJiry school 
has a&de moi^t rapid progress during the lost three yet) rs covered 
by this dieouBBlon. During the years I'Jli^-lS and 191S-14 the 
arsrago salary remainsd about the same* The reason for the in- 



crease is due to two oausee; first the board of education has attemptoA 
to increase the tenxire of the elementary teachers, and seoojod the 
increase in salary paid to all teachers due to prevailing conditions. 
An examination of the tenure of the elementarj'^ school instructors 
shows that one teacher v/aa teaching her thirteenth year, one her 
twelfth year, t'jso their fifth year, three their third year, and only 
two teachers were teaching their first year in Charlevoix. It is a 
wise policy to maintain the teaching staff for a series of years, if 
they are efficient* Charlevoix seems to have done this in the 
elementary schools without greatly increasing the expentiture 
for elementary instruction* 

Talble 5 shows the annual total expenditure for secondary 
instruction in Charlevoix has been uniform for the five years 
under discussion* The increase for the five years in the total 
expenditure for secondary instruction was only |774*77, or 
a%out an average of |155.00 for each year* The average salary 
continued to decrease foom 1912-13 to 1915-16 but the year 
following a decided increase took place* This uniform amoTUXt 
paid for secondary instruction is in a degree explained by the 
discussion which folio ;8* 

a. Tenure of Office of High School Instmictors a 
i^actor in Keeping Down Salary Schedule. 

An eacpmination of the tenure of office of the secondf.ry 

teachers in Charlevoix for the present yeer reveals the 

following facts. Three teechers were teaching th*ir first 

year in the system. One teeoher had taught five yet re in 
Charlevoix. One teacher had taught t\.'elve years in the high 



aohool, Tv.'0 teschers had taught tr^o years in the system. Out 
of the total of six and two thirdA teaohers, In the high school 
three were teaching their first yeaf. This means that practically 
half of the faculty was new for the present year. The principal 
had been promoted from the science department and was without 
•xperlenoe in administrative work. 

This change in the personnel of the high school faculty vdll 
in some measure explain the very small increase in the seltries 
paid. It isevident thfit Charleroix does not pay the high school 
teachers sufficient to retain them for a series of yeirs. The 
teaohers come to the system without experience, or vd.th very 
limited experience, stay one or two years end then are attracted 
to other pieces by higher salaries or better conditions. That 
this condition exists to some degree in all small hi^ schools 
is certain. However this should be a serious mrtter of concern 
for those in administrative poslions. It is practically imposs- 
ible to secure good results and to develop a strong system, with 
the personnel of the faculty in a constant state of fluK. The 
salary schedule should be sufficient to hold the teaohers for 
a period of ye^-rs. Thus a strong system oould be v/orked out 
and more efficient eduoetional results secured. 



Table 4 
The Anmial arerage salary paid to regular teachere in the 
elementary school. Charlevoix, 1912-13 to 1916-17 inclusive. 



Year 


Humbor of 
Regular Teaohera 


Tital Expenditure 
Salary 


/verage 
Salary 


1912-13 




11 


$5,582.50 


1507.50 


1913-14 




11 


5.602.00 


508.55 


1914-15 




11 


6,097.50 


554.32 


1915-16 




1£ 


6,438.78 


536.50 


1916-17 




12 


6,702.84 


558.40 



Table 5 
The Annual average salary paid to regular teachers in the 
secondary school , Charlevoix, 1912-13 To 1916-17 inclusive. 



Year Huntoer of 

Regular Teachers 

1912-13 5 2/3 

1913-14 5 2/3 

1914-15 5/2/3 

1^15-16 6 2/3 

1918-17 6 2/3 



Total Ezpentitur^ 

Salary 
|4,050.00 

4,028.34 

4,005.20 

4,217.16 

4,799.94 



Average 
Salary 

$715.54 
711.66 
707.63 
633.20 
720.71 



g60 



700, 



LoO' 



S'oOo 



IfOOi 



300. 



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b. Humber of Pupils per Teuoher Versus Oost of Instruction. 

The oost of instruction per pupil in a school system v/ill be 
largely determined by the number of pupils per teachers. It 
is quite evident thf t the cost of instauction per pupil can be 
increased by having a small number of pupils per teacher. This 
condition of a small number of pupils per teacher is generally 
operative in small school systen«, \vh.ere the currieultim is broad 
in its scope, end the average daily attendance is small, /jiy 
attempt to me*t the modern demands upon the school, .vill in a 
small system increase the per pupil cost, since there is a limited 
number to divide amoosg the courses offered. Also any instruction 
is costly that etoes not produce good results. The results are 
in some degree determined by the number of pupils per teacher. 
It is a recognized fact that up to a certain number of pup&ls 
an efficient instruction can be secured as v/ith a smeller nximber. 
The maximum standard set by the North Central Association for 
secondary schools is thirty pupils per teacher. It is evident 
that it thinks that thirty pupils is the larp-est group a 
teacher can handle and at the same time secure effictent instruct- 
ion. Hov/ever t;venty to twenty five pupils per teacher in second- 
ary schools .70uld form a group where efficient instruction 
should be secured easily, ith a group of this size, individuM 
work and personal contact is possible which make for good instruct- 
ion. 

In the case of Charlevoia the median number of pupils per 
teacher in the high school es sho.vn by table 6 is 19.4. In 
comparison with the eighteen cities Charlevoix stands seventh 
in reference to the number of pupils per teacher in the high 



School. In other ;vTords ten of the seventeen cities of from 
five to eight thousand population ae shown by table 7 had a 
larger number of pupils per teacher then Charlevoix. In view 
of the practice of the serenteen cities Charlevoix could increase 
the niunber of pupils per teacher in the high school and thus 
materially decrease the cost of InBtruotion per pupil. ..1th only 
about tvk'enty pupils per tet cher it is evident that Charlevoix 
at present is making adequate provision for good instruction 
as far as number of pupils per teacher is concerned. The teachers 
in the high school are not over burdened to the extent that 
good instruction is impossible. As st- ted atiove Charlevoix could 
even increase the number of pupils f»er teacher and still 
insure good instruction, and also reduce the cost pe r pupil. 

In regard to the number of pupils per teacher in the element- 
ary school Charlevoix stands thirteenth as compared with the eighteen 
cities. Charlevoix's median for pupils per teacher v/as 31.3 which 
places Oharleroix near the bottom of the list. Only four cities in th 
five to eight thousand class as shown by table 7 had a larger number 
of pupils per teacher in the elementary schools than Charlevoix. 
Seymour in Indiana heeded the list with 39.3 pupils per teacher. 
It i3 evident that in vie'v of the present practice of eighteen cities 
that Charlevoix cannot increase the number of pupils per elementary 
teacher. Does Seymour with practically forty pupils per teacher in 
the elementary schools maintain a high standard of instruction as 
compared with Charlevoix who has thirty-two pupils per teacher? 
That question could only be proved by a survey of the instruction 
in the two places. However present practice in the cities chosen 
sho:vB that a siaaller number of pupils per teacher is the rule. 

Under simillt.r conditionB the quality of instruction will depend 



somewhat upon the numbor of pupils per teaoher. Universal stand- 
ards in this mutter have not been set, but present practice 
would place the maximum number of pupils per teacher in the 
elementary schools at about thirty. If there is any material 
increase in the population of the elementary schools of Char- 
levoix then it will have to spend more money, if tt m^^intains 
its present standards of instruction. 



Table 6 

Number of instiructors, average daily attendance, number of 

pupils per instructor, high school, elemeatarj school, 

Charlevoix, 1912-13 to 1916-17 inclusive 

Year Number Average Number iJvunber Average Number 

High Daily upils Teachers Daily ^upils 

/ttendft 
School Attendance per Element- anoe per 

Teachers High Teacher ary Elementary Teacher 

High Bchool School Elementary 

School 

19.4 

HO. 3 

20.6 

15.7 

15.4 



School 



1912-13 6 2/3 110 

1913-14 5 2/3 115 

1914-16 6 2/3 117 

1915-16 6 ii/3 105 

1916-17 6 2/3 103 







School 


11 


355 


32.3 


11 


354 


32.1 


11 


335 


30.5 


12 


375 


31.3 


12 


376 


31.3 



Data from state reports for the various years. 



T£.ble 7 



Htuaber of i^upils per Teaoher, in /verage Daily Attendanoe, 
In Blemeatary and Secondary Schools, and Rank, 17 Cities. 1915. 

upils 
El. School. 



Cities 



Number 
upils r^er Teacher 

Elementary School High School 
Indiana 

Connersville 35.9 23.1 

Lebanon 28.8 21.5 

Madison 34.8 19.2 

Seymour 39.3 26. 

Valpariso 3ii.3 19.4 

V^liiting 23.5 15.7 



2k m& 

15.5 
17.1 
20.5 
12.3 



Hank in Ifumber <£ 
Per Teacher 
Hi^ iJchool 



Illinois 
Beads tov/n 
Belvidere 


32.8 
29.2 


Charles town 

Edwardsville 

Madison 


33.1 
34.8 
S0.4 


Michigan 
Cheboygan 
Mt. Clemens 


29.9 

28.3 


v. is cons in 
Baraboo 
Grand Rapids 
Menominee 

Heent.h 


27.6 

32.2 
29.6 
25.7 



23.4 
16.8 



22.7 
14.3 
24.5 
31.7 



13 

10 

8 

lift 
7 
4 



11 
9 
6 
9 

X 



U 



12 

2 

15 

17 



16 
6 

15 
IT 

10 

1 



11 
6 

12 
14 

13 



Note: Table tr.ken from United f trtes Education eports, 
Compiled in School Costs Course U of 0. 



C, Bzpenditure for fiupervislon 

The supervlBion in the school system of Cherlevoix is done 
by the superintendent and the principal of the high school. There 
are no special supervisors at present in the Bystem. During the 
first t-A-o ^ea_'e of the tifisae cowered by this thesis t. special 
supervisor in music end drawing \vas employed. This service 
hovrever wcs sbandoned due to poor instruction secured. It was 
the pplnion of the board of education that t* secure efficient 
service in the supervision of drawing * nd muBlc , a larger expend- 
iture vras necessary. In vier of the rising costs of school 
administration, the expenditure of a large amount in this direct- 
ion -yas deemed unwise, and since that time the subjects mentioned 
have developed ;ith out supervision, 

The suiaerintendent gives practically t.vo thirds of Mel tiofB 
to supervision of the school instruction. This time is divided 
about equally bet-veen the seconds ry and the elementary dep? rt- 
ments of the school system. 

The principal of the hif?h school gives one third of his 
time to supervision. His work is entirely with the senior ana 
junior high school. In the Charlevoix system, since the year 
1916-17 the t\?o t^rpes of high schools are housed in one building. 

The reorganization of the system was of such recent origin 
that for the time discussed in this thesis, the school organ- 
ization '.vas considered on the traditional type, elementary 
school ei^rht years, high school four years, In ts ble eight 1b 
given the coat of supervision in the elementary and high school 
department of the Charlevoix system. The salaries of the supers 
intendent and the principal have been pro rated. 



Table 8 
CoBt of Supervision in Elementary and Secondary School, yive 
Years, Charlevoix. 



Year 

1912-13 

1913-14 

1914-15 

1915-16 

1916-17 



Elementary School 
#837.33 
855.00 
837.33 
904.00 
533.33 



Secondary School 
#986.83 

1019.16 
9^^.83 

1036.86 
833.53 



P. Kzpenditure Measured in Comparable Terms 
a. Amount spent pez' Inhabitant. 

In making a study of school expenditures, a comparison vvith 
the school expenditures of other systems determines in some 
degree how well the system under consideration is meeting the 
present practice. There are several methods of oompsrison. 
Cities may be grouped according to population. Pop lation In 
some measure should determine what provision a city should moie, 
for the education of its ;y outh. Cityes of certain sise should 
make about the same provision for education, as other cities of 
the same size. 

In making a comparison of cities of about the emme sizd, 
it is eyident that the wealth of the city should play an 
important part. Many cities of the same population, ere not 
equal In wealth. Cityes of less wealth cannot be expected to 
miiike the same provision for education, as cities of greater 
wealth. 



Geogrephioal location affeots the amoimt of money spent 
upon school systems. The different sections of United States 
hsTe different standards concerning expenditures for education. 

In making a comperieon with the ei??hteen cities as shown in 
table 10 two conditions were taken into consideration, i'irat the 
location and second the relative size of the cities. Ir T?70uld 
B«em that from the standpoint of geographic location and pop- 
ulation that Charlevoix ^nd the eighteen cities are fairly 
comparable. 

The diter-alnation on the sufficiency of insufficiency of 
school expenditure is difficult to dete mine. Hov; much a city 
should spend per inhabitant or per pupil in average daily 
attendance has not .een standardized. A comparison or evulatt- 
lo4 with what is done In other cities is valuable information 
in determining whether a sufficient amount has been spent. 

The material in table 9 gives information on the cost per 
inha-toitant in Cherlsvoix during the past five yeurs, beginning 
iTith the year 191i;-13. During the five consecutive years the 
cost of education in Charlvoix per inhabitant was respectively 
#10, 04, |9.09, |9.69, $9.66, i|p9.79. It would thus appear that 
the cost of education per inhabitant in Charlevoix was expept- 
ionally high. A comparison with table 10 reveals the fact that 
not one of the eij^hteen cities paid as jjcaoTa. per inhabitant es 
•duoationias Charlevoix. The highest cost per inhabitant as 
ahown in table 19 v;as Menominee, which was $8.6£. Even for the 
lo\^8t yerx of the five, 1915-16 the cost per i.ohabitant for 
education in Charlevoix ,AiS $1.04 higher than the highest city 
in table 10. hiii the year in which the per inhabitant cost 
was the greetest in Chorlevoiz it was paying $10.04 aginst 



Menominee's ;y8.6ii. The difference for that year \ms $1,42 per 
inhabitant in favor of Charlevoix. This comparison v.-ould seem 
to indic>:te that Charlevoix ',va8 making a very favonfeile priviBtBh 
for public education as compared with the cities of from five 
to eight thousand populatioxi as r.hown in table 10. 

b. Amount spent per pupil in average daily attendance. 

In table 9 is shovm the amoimt of money spent in Char- 
levoix for each pupil in avei?ag« daily attendance. The re- 
spective amounts beginning with the year 191i;-l^:i v/ere $58.^4, 
|6£,37, $59. Ei;, *54.S3, $54.8Ji. A comparison with talbe 10 
Shows that only one city in the group of eighteen cities p' id in 
excess of Charlevoix, for per pupil in average daily attendance, 
llhitlng paid $69.75 per pupil in averrge daily attendance. 
WhAtlng however vas an exception, for the second city in the list 
is Valpariso, and it paid only ^4£.3G per pupil in average 
daily attendance. All other cities in the list of eighteen 
cities as shown in talbe 10 paid a smaller amoiint thatn Val- 
pariso^ for the same service. The lowest city in the list paid 
only ^'l3.80 per pupil in average daily attendance, Charlevoiac 
paid in 1914-15, $10.63 less per pupil in average daily attend- 
ance , than the highest amount p^dd for the same service in the 
list of eighteen cities. But Ms town :mB without doubt an 
exce tion, for none of the other to ins came near spending aa 
much for the same service as did ',;'hiting. Valpariso the second 
highest eJtr "^ to expenditure for this type of service, paid 
$10.07 less than tne amount paid by Charlevoix during the poor- 
est year of the five, and $16.92 less in the highest year it 
the five. 

-tliether the amount spent per pupil in ave age daily attend- 



aaee is too hife^ in Charlevoix „,q^j^^ ^^ difficult to determine. 
However tt would appear thu.. if all but one city, of the eighteen 
used for compe risen 8 pent l leee amount ior the saioB service, 
that Charlevoix could afford to investigate the cost per pupil 
in average d'.ilji attendance, and if possible without materiel 
Injury to the system reduce its present high expenditure. 



Table 9. 
Total annual expenditure, expense per inhabitant, and 
expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance for 
school purposes. Charlevoix, i'ive Years. 
Year 



Population Total 
Annual 

Expenditure 



191E-13 2700$ 

191.'5-14 2700 

Iyi4-16 S700 

1915-16 b700 

1916-17 2700 



^27,131,65 

24,565.20 
26,174.95 
26,082,64 

26,260.25 



Expense Average ICxpenditure 
per Daily per pupil in 

Inhabitant /ttendance "vertge Daily 

attendance 



$56.34 
52.37 
59.22 
54.33 
54.82 



10.04 


465 


y.'j9 


469 


9.69 


442 


9666 


480 


9.79 


479 



]}ata: from treasurer of school board and froro reports iS 
Stat» Superintendent for years shown. 



Table 10 



SzpendltureB for all school purposes 'er Inhabit; nt and Per 
Pupil in Average Daily Attendance in 18 Cities of opulation 



5000-8000 
City 



Popula- Total ILxp- >lKpendit- Arerage Current Rank 



tion 



enditure 
for all 
school 
L>arpose8 



ure per Daily 



Rank 
;:xpend- in in 
Inhabitant Attend- iture Expend- expend 
per iture iture 

upil in per per 
/vera 76 Inha\rfupil in 
Daily i*^* avertge 
Attena- attend- 
ance anoe 



anoe 



Indiuna 
















Connersville 


8189 


45.84E 


5*60 


1165 


li 39 . 35 


10 


6 


Labanon 


5979 


35,869 


6.00 


999 


35.90 


6 


10 


Madison 


6483 


.■55,418 


5.46 


1044 


33.93 


11 


13 


Seymour 


6^35 


31i,7O00 


5.24 


1098 


29.78 


12 


14 


Valpariso 


7»41 


43,839 


5.97 


1035 


4L.30 


7 


2 


..hiting 


7889 


59,638 


7.56 


855 


69.75 


2 


1 


Illinois 
















Beardstown 


6747 


31.169 


4.62 


1187 


26.28 


16 


17 


Belvidere 


7411 


47,339 


6.39 


1198 


39.52 


5 


6 


Char lest ov;n 


eaa£ 


29,660 


4.86 


850 


.34.79 


15 


12 


Edwardsville 


5443 


28,4ii2 


5.22 


1020 


27.86 


13 


15 


Litchfield 


5998 


23,612 


3.94 


992 


23.80 


17 


18 


Madison 


6580 


23,859 


3.63 


870 


27.42 


18 


16 


Michigan 
Cheboygan 


7044 


40,039 


5.68 


10 o4 


37.99 


9 


8 


Lit. Clemens 


QZlk, 


40,543 


4.98 


1129 


36.91 


14 


11 


lilBoonsin 
















Baraboo 


6611 


37,763 


5.71 


960 


39.34 


8 


7 


Grand iiapids 


75.^5 


52.879 


7.01 


1256 


4^.. OS 


4 


3 


Ileenah 


5624 


40,935 


7.28 


995 


41.14 


3 


4 


e nominee 


4527 


39,872 


8.62 


1098 


36.31 


1 


9 



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On .olf «l the Bookatores of the University of Chicago Frees. Chicago. Illinoi. 



E. Charlevoix Cotinty normal an Item of Expense 

The School DistUiot til Charlevoix City and Tov/nship, 
open tea as a part of the school eystem a Coiinty normal, 
knov/n ae the Charlevoix County Normal* 

The Charlevoix County Normc.l, is organized under the laws 
of the St'te of lliohigan, for the purpose of training tetichers 
for the rural schools. The bot rd of Education h? s entered into 
an agreement with the state to furnish instruction, together 
with proper equipment, including rooms and heat, ffer the 
Charlevoix Cotinty formal, all of vhich must be to the satis- 
faction of the Superintendent of ublic Instruction. The 
board of education is bound by egreeraent to Include in the 
expense budget of the echool di street, such sums as maybe 
necessary for these purposes. 

The State of Iliohigan allOTJ-s the school district of Charlevoix 
$500.00 for each tecoher employed in the Charlevoix County 
Normal. HoA-ever the totnl sum cennot exceed $1000.00. 

Each year the bo? id of education estimates, before the 
first day of October the cost of instruction for the current 
year, in the Charlevoix County Normal. Deducts from this amount 
the ^1000.00 received from the Stt te of Michigan, and reports 
the buLance to the County Clerk of Charlevoix, j.Uohigau. The 
Board of Supervisors then appropietes out of the general fund 
of the county, one-half of the amount sho.vn by this report. 
However in no case is the amount of the appropiation by 
the county to exceed one-half of the amount uppropicted by the 
state. 

The cost for instruction, in the Charlevoix County Normal 

h. 8 varied, during the five years under discussion, farorm 



|l700.0o to 1^1927. 44« The eraploynebt of t^vo inetructorB has 
been the rale. The chringe in cost of Instruotion haB oQea. 
due to v'lrious ohangos in the personnel of the County 
Normal faculty. 

Table 11 
OoBt for Instruction, Charlevoix County J.ormel, for five 
ye?;rs. 

Yei r Cost foi- Instruction. 

191ii-13 41885.00 

1913-14 lyos.ou 

1914-15 1904.94 

1915-16 19ii7.44 

1916-17 1700.00 



Table Ik, 
Charlevoix County's Share fo Cost of Charlevoix County 
Normal, five yeirB, 
Yecir /jnount ptid by Charlevoix 

County 
191^>13 i ^466.49 

1913-14 505.97 

1914-16 5.51.85 

1915-16 5i39.85 

1916-17 389.50 



Talbe 13 
Totel oost and ooet per gradULite, Charlevoix County 
normal I'or iivu j/e.rs. 



yei.r 


Totul OOBt 

Charlevoix Coxuaty 

iiormal 


Ijuuber of 

Graduates 


Cost per 
Gruduute 


191ii-13 


;i^l93U.96 






11 




^184.63 


191.5-14 


IiOll.94 






9 




(^^3.54 


1914-16 


;i06o,70 






13 




i&e.78 


1915-10 


ii079.70 






lii 




173. i>0 


1916-17 


1779-00 






8 




222.37 



The totrl cost of the (Jh rlevoix County HormRl varied 
for the five yetrc, from ;,' 1779.94 in 1916-17 to •: 2079.70 
in 1910-16. She modian cout being $2011.94. 

The coBt of the Cherlevoix County ilormal, to Chprleroix 
County and fcince the bof.rd of education pays • n f^qunl amount 
it appliee to that body equally, -aB in the neijiiborhood 
of $500.00 per yeta'. "he Median for the five yerrs bting 
^606.9 7. 

Since the Charlevoix County formal cost 'j the Charlevoix 
school diotrict oiil^ t.bout |500.00 per ^eax thd continued 
operation of this ins ti tit ion seems to be a '.ise expenditure 
of monuy. ^ince the County Norratil through its tr; inlng room 
practioaily takeu cure of oa<j ;<r de in the school yystera, 
it savoa the cost Ox another teucher, v/hich under the present 
salary conditions would be an amouiit equal to the mi.oney no'.v 
speat in malnti&ning the Oh* rlevoix County ilorraal. 

In addition to tukixig oaro of one rr; de in the system , the 
school systeui has c oontt'^nt Bup^^lj? of teaohers thit may be 



for substltuee, in rarious positions as the ocoassion 
demands. !Phe Churlevoix County Hormal also provides a 
means of higher education in Charlevoix, to those who .7ish 
to pursue their eduo;-tion beyond the high school. The ,vork 
done in the Charlevoix County Kormal is reoognized in the 
state normals to the extent of eight credits. 

During the five years considered in this thesis, the grad- 
uates form the Charlevoix Count Uoimal were respectively 
11, 9, 13, IE, 8. In table i;^ the per capita cost for the 
Charlevoix Count Kormal is seen to range from #L23,54 in 1913-14 to 
#158174 in 1914-15, with a median per capita cost of |l84.6g. 
This per capita cost is very much higher than the cost of 
education per pupil, in the ^'herlevoix public schools. The 
median in the later case is ^59.54. It is a striking example 
of how the cost per pupil is governed by the number of pupils 
being instructed. It is estimated by the state department 
that thirV per cent of the rural teacher, in Michigan, are 
graduates of the various county normals. The state evidently feel« 
justified in this rather large expenditure, in order that the\rxlral 
schools may oe supplied with tjie^cher. 

Data from Superintendent's report and from the County 
Treasurer's books fou the various yoiirs. 



SKCSIOiS F. 
In. the iollo\.lng eeotlon a comparison has been mtde bctv/een 
the cost ox various kinds of eervicee in terms oi averii:ge 
daily attendance. The comparieon ht~8 been drav^n between the 
cost of board oi education and buoine&s office, superintendent's 
office, salaries of principals, educational supplies, v/ages ol 
janitors, luel, light c na pov/er, in Charlevoix und the coct of 
like services in to-.^ns of iroia five to eight thousand populat- 
ion situated in Indiana, ..isuonsin, Illinois ana .lichigan* Lv^ch 
a compc;rison gives an opportunity to rank Charlevoix ./ith the 
other cities as to expenditures for tiie serviecs jaientioned. 



F. Szpoaditure for various serrloes measured in 
terms of avercge daily i^ttendance. 
How is Charlevoix eductiong her pupils v/ho actually attend 
school? V.Tiat provision is being made for adequate education 
as to the amounts ptid for, bo? rd of education and business 
offices, superintendent's office, st.laries of prinoipaltj, ond 
salaries of teachers per pupil in average dally attendance, 
Telbes 14 and 15 sho.; the amoxmt spent oer pupil in average 
daily attendance for the ixoojire mdntioned services, 

a. Board of Education and Business Office, 

A comparison of the data in table 15, v;ith the dtta in 
table 14 shoivs that the highest amount ptid for ho- rd of 
education and business offices was paid by V. hi ting, the amoimt 
bieng $3,16. The median of the eighteen cities .vas '^,4=3, Ohrr- 
levoix with a median of ^;,35 compares favorably with the median 
of the eighteen cities. 

In a system <W size of Charlevoix a very small per cent of 
the total money spent would be given to board of education and 
business office, A large part of the duties that \TOuld naturally 
fall upon such an office in a large system, would in a small 
system be done in connection v/ith other duties. l»'or this reason 
no large amount -.vould be spent for that kind of service, 

b. Superintendent's Office, 

Jhiting paid #3152 for superintenAedt * s office, and the 

smallest amount paid by any of the eighteen cities was p,££. 
In comparison ^vith this amount Charlevoix gave a madian amount 
for the five years of ;^1,S& per pupil in ave.tge daily attend- 
ance. The lack of uniformity in this expenditure was not as 



large as would appear by the tible. The condition oX the aoooxmts 
for the first t.vo yet-rs of th& *lve made it impossible to 
give exaot duta on this expenditure. The last three years 
were very xinilform and are without doubt a fair sample of 
whc't -vas spent by Charlevoix for this type of service, 

o« Salaries of principals 

d« Salaries of teachers* 
In respect to the amotuit paid for principals Charlevoix 
spends a large amount as compared with the eighteen cities of 
five to eight thousand population. Charlevoix's median was; 
^3,99 against $1.28 for the eighteen cities. However such a 
comparison does not represent the true condition, for in Ohc rp 
levoix the principals are alio supervisors, and the emount 
spent would be governed by that conditlonl In the eighteen cities 
the supervisor and the principal -.^ould prpbablj^ perform 
distiont services, .hlle it is iKiposslble to dray any defins te con- 
clusions owing to tlie condition above mentioned, 'jet it -s-ould 
seem as if this type of service v.ps being well taken cere of 
in Charlevoix . 

In examining the expenditure for te>;che. 's sclarles per 
pupil in averaj^e daily attendance, an Important expenditure 
is bein?; studied. It is impossible to run vn efficent school 
system with poor teachers, lllxile hl^h cost for tec Cher's 
salaries does not neoeasorlly Indicate high grao instruction, 

or Iot; cost poor instruction, yet hiih cost and good instruction 
have a positive relation, as also lo - cost, i na podr instruction. 
Charlevoix median for the period of five years for saleries of 

teachers was $39, E3. This f^mount did not vary much for the five 
years taken as a b-sis. T ^^ highest amount paid in the eighteen 



cities ia the five to ei,?ht thousand olaaa \mB $3Z,t:Z and the 
lowest amomit wap ^^6.98, The medioja for the eighteen cities 
was about four dollars above the lo.vest amount. Chtrlevoix is 
paying taking the median as a guide in the eighteen cities, a 
very high amount for salaries of teaohers per pupil in overr.ge 
dail^/ attendance. In faot the median amount spent by Charlevois 
for anlaries if teachers per pupil in average daily attendance 
was only about t^-o doaiars below the higheab amount b-j any of 
the eighteen cities. 

Prom a comoai*ison of the expenditures per pupil in average 
daily attendance for, board of education and business office, 
superintendent's officu, salaries of principals, anri salaries 
of te; cihers, /ith the expenditures for like services in the 
eighteen cities, it has "been shown that Charlevoix is meeting 
the expenditures of the cities ibn tho five to eight thousand 
cl as to a marUfcdddegree. 



Expenditures for Various ^inds oi . ervicos 

Tcble 14 
Total expendituro pe ; pupils in averrge daily attendsnce for; 
Board of Educ tion ruKi luainete Off icy, ouperintenAent 's Office 



Si'l.'ricE 


o: 


rincipi-Bl, Ci 


flaEieti of 


'2ql 


chers. 






Year 30i 

cat; 


,\rd of 5du- 
Lon, 'business 
office 


Gxireriu- 

tendent 

Office 


of 


iLlr.rlcs 
. rinclpCi 


lis 


SalBTies Bt 
Teachers 


1912-13 




.10 


.07 




3.9ii 




«.8.G9 


191^-14 




.11 


,5& 




4.99 




£8.59 


1914-15 




.36 


1.&5 




4.01 




31.13 


1915-16 




.57 


1 . ;39 




4.04 




30.k.3 


1916-17 




.64 


1.5:5 




L.80 




30.41 



Table 15 
Total e3:i>enditure per nupil In Average iaily httendanoe for 
VariouB Kinds oi arvices. In Citios 6000-8uuJ, 1915 



Jity 



Board of Superintend- Salaries Salaries Falaries 

EduoSion enta .ffi^e Sioervisors Principe Is Ceachers 

SuslnesK office 



Indiana 












Connervllle 


1.7G 




1.9L 




25.92 


Lebanon 


.15 


£.00 


3.L4 


1.49 


22.88 


Madison 


.91 


£.08 


3.48 


1.24 


20.70 


Seymour 


.87 


1.62 


1.C2 




19.76 


Valprr^ iso 


.87 




3,09 


1.48 


16.81 


i'.Tiiting 


3.16 


3.52 


2.v^.5 


6.69 


32,22 


IllinoiB 












Beardsto.vn 


.20 


1.90 






18.31' 


Belvidore 


E5 


1.87 


1.09 




25.38 


Charleston 


. Id8 


ii.41 






}:i2.6f 


Bdxvardaviile 


.:-4 


2.2» 




• 71 


18.84 


Litchfiv^ld 
Madison 


.E3 


1.93 
2. Off 


ilii 


M 


16.98 
19.06 


Mehigan 












Che DO yg;^n 


./I 


1.67 




1.28 


18.81 


kounc Glcmenu 


.33 


2*08 


1.15 


2.52 


19.72 


Visconeln 












Bar a boo 


• 49 


1.22 




.26 


£5.44 


Grind Rapids 


.43 


2.09 




.67 


25.34 


Menominee 


.50 


2.09 


1.28 




19.48 


Neenah 


.89 


2.48 




.26 


22, If 



7ZoU± 



JLrU-S- k^=>v h cI if Li\re-_ /aev^ ja u|a I I ( M c« y- e V~c« <, -e. ol Q I (u 



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il OS- 



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~^ji}-M3 



On isle «t the Bookatores of the University of Chicaso Press. Chicago, Illii 



• • BdlLoatlonal Stopllee. 

The eduoation of the youth is a duty that belongs to every 
member of the coamunlty. lifficient Inetruction makes the child- 
ren valuable assets to cc ommunity. Kno.Tlng the velue of educrt- 
ion the people should furnish everything need*d to secure adequate 
educstion for the pupils in the public schools. Hov/ever educat- 
ional supplies are furnished in some echools ^stemt to a much 
larger degree than in others. The policy of £ certain system 
may be to furnish complete equipment for eaucation, including 
buildings, heat, light, instructors, text booka, supplies etc. 
But in another system only certain portions of the total equip- 
ment is supplied such as buildings, light, heat, instruction, 
and the remaining p; rt of the equipment such as text books, 
and educational supplies are purchased o^ those -vho are receiv© 
ing the instruction, iiuch e variety of prActice may be found 
in this matter that it is very difficult to amke comparisons 
between cities. 

Charlevoix furnishes all the paper of every type used in 
the elementary schools, and practically all the paper used in the 
High school. Pens, pas*e, tnd incidental equipment used by 
teachers and pupils are also furnished. This liberal policy 
in regard to educational supplies aacjted byCharlevoix may 
account for it having t median expense for the five years 
of ^2.32 per pupil in average daily attendance, .vhile the median 
for the eighteen cities was only ^1.98 tnd one city was paying 
obly .;i.l6 for educational supplies per pupil in average dally 
attendance. 

f. V'ages 6f Janitors. 

In this generation when grert emphasis is placed upon 



Sanitation thA janitorial service is an important one. Tables 
16 and 17 show the wages of janitors for Charlevoix and the 
eighteen oitiea. In Charlevoix the expenses run, for the five 
years between |;3.08 and ^3 ,78 per pupil in avert-ge daily 
attendance. The cost for this service has decreased for the past 
five years. The median for Charlevoix for the five yecrs was 
$2.44. In esse of the cities in the five to eight thousand 
class, the higliest amount paid for Janitorial service v;as $7.10, 
the next highest was ^4.18. The median for the list of eighteen 
cities vvas ^£.84. In comparison with these amounts Charlevoix 
was spending a fair amount upon this type of service. The effic- 
iency of this service in Ghtrlevoix is discussed latter in the 
thesis. 

g. Fuel 
The cost for fuel in the Churlevolx system wee exceptionally 
high, per pupil in average daily attendance. In the eighteen 
cities the median for fuel was |2.17, v;ith c. range of cost from 
$4.43 to |»33 per pupil in average daily attendance. The cost 
for the same service in Charlevoix varied from $4.95 to |2.69, 
while the medion cost for the five years was |3,08. Only two 
cities in the five to eight class as shovn by tible 17 pi id 
in excess of Oht.rlevoix's median, V.lxy vvat Chi.rlevoix paying 
such a large amount for fuel per pupil in average daily attendance? 
I'.Tiile the weather conditions in NcUBierh Michigan are severe, 
and necesstte a fire during most seasons every school day, yet 
many of the tens used for comparison hf^ve similiar conditions, 
and meet them .vith considerable less cost. The climatic condit- 
ions connot fully explain the high fuel cost in Cherlvoix. 

On an examination of the Oh;, rlevoix school buildings v/ere 



found to be all poorly ventilate. In some of the building asyetem 
of ventilation v/ts ordini.ll^^„.lnstalled, but alterations in the 
buildings have destroyed practically nil ventilation execpt th? t 
secured oj the open v.indo-.v method, v.hich is very utsteful of 
fuel. ..ith the open windo,. method it is iiaposBible to regTilate 
the amount of ventilation, eoch te>-Joher uset her ovn jucigement, 
and once the windows sre open they are eeidom closed lentil the end of 
the aOBbion. The results are that the liremeat are ouliged to furnlsli 
an excessive amount of heat to keep tne rooms ct the proper temperat- 
ure. 

The excessive luel cost is rrobebly due in pirt also to tlie 
poor furnaces thet furnish heat to the uuilaings ol the systeia. 
Especially is this true of the farnace in the Union building, 
which furnishes hert to the Union building t^iia to the high school. 
This furnace ooneumes a out thi-ee -fourths of tiie total fuel used, 
and v/itout doubt adds consideri ble to the high luel cost. GJhe 
board of education is during the present suuiiaer installing f 
nev; heatiaog plant in the Union building, which ti believes v.ill 
i^restly reduce the fuel cost. The operation o£ the nav. furnace 
during the coming year will help to determine the validity fo 
one orobable cnuso of the high cost of fuel in Charlevoix, 
h. Light ano J'o.ver. 

;^rnotically the only use of electric current in Charlevoix is 
for illTi.^ination purx>0S9S. The buildings are all equipped v.-ith 
electric liprhts for uee on davk days unf for scnool functions 

held in the evenln-. 

iiinee ChRrlevolT has practic&lly no scientific ventilatiag 
system, the cost for povver with -vhich to produce forced ventilation 
through the syetem is lllmlnated. Thxis the email amount spent for 
light and po.ver per pupil in average daily attendance .yas to be 



expected* The highest amount spent duringXive yet-rs w&B #.91, and 
the median was ^.48 per pupil in average daily attendance. Such a 
cost for light and power pic ces Charlevoix in the lov/er half of 
the list of eighteen cities. More than half of the iittes in the 
five to eight thousand class spent more than ^1.07 for light end po?/er 
per pupil in average daily attendance* 



- 






















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On lale at the Bookltores of the University of ChicaKO Press. Chicago. Illii 



Table 16 
lotal FiXoeadituro per ?upll in >erp<re Dell;/ Attendrnce for 
?t rious Specific Kinds of Fervlce. 



Year 


Kduoi.tionel 
Supplies 


V..'','5es of 
Janitors 


]Puel 


Light 
eower 


191ii-13 




1.79 


3.73 


3.86 


.42 


1913-14 




2.32 


3.66 


E.69 


.43 


1914-15 




3,42 


3.44 


3.08 


.48 


1915-16 




1.85 


3,36 


ii.83 


.61 


l'jl6-17 




£.48 


3.08 


4.05 


.91 



Table 17 

Total expenditiire per 'upil in /verege Dall/ ..ttendance for 

V&riouB Kinds of Speelflc Servioes, 1915 Cities 5000-8000 

City Educational U'ages of i'uel Light 

bupplios Janitors ..ater 

-Indianc- .29 2.34 1.35 .69 

CojULnorsville 



Lebunoii 
Liatiison 



:^.16 2.04 1.31 
.50 2.06 lUO .45 



Seyujour 1.72 1.73 .86 1.09 

Valparaiso 2.87 2.84 i^.Ol .5- 

.hiting 3.61 7.01 i>.81 ^.53 

-Illiaois- PQ 

BeardstOi'ii .69 2.17 .77 .29 

Belvidere ..ftl ».^4 £.35 3.1/ 

Oharlestoa 1.98 £.9^ ^-^^ 

ad.viirdsville 97 l.?-- '^^ 04 

rA4...u^^r.^r^ .Mi 1.91 •74 .f* 



Litchfield .15 



Madison 



,57 2.74 "^^ 



^S^^ .99 ^.|« I'-S \& 

Mount Clemens .71 3.10 -.M 

-..isconsln- „ ^^ -, 07 

,89 4.18 3.36 x.wf 

1.09 o.ye 3.06 

2.02 ^.11 *«5i 

1,46 2.y2 '-•'^o 



'i^^^^f 89 4.18 3.36 1.07 

Beraboo .89 *.^o 

Gr: nd r.ppidB 1.09 ^.^6 3.06 l.|^ 

Menominee 2.02 ^.11 ^ ,;^t 



Hfeenah 



SBCTIOir 3. 

fh* curretit •zpeiisaa of n sohool eysteia are clcfiBea under 
four dietinot heads, adainlstrntion, stipe rrlslon and inBtruot* 
ion, operation, end maintemmco. inleBt; a ohcok Ib plaoed upon 
th« diepoBltion of the cxirrent expcnece, on« brtinoh is likely 
to secure ^^ undue araount of moxiQy* 

The amounts spent for the Tarioixs servloea lire here dle- 
oussed in terms of the daiX^ arerage attezidanod* uA oofflparlBon 
is drtnnx betxreen the oost of thoae aerTioes In Ohtrlevoix 
and in the eighteen oompnrable cities* 



0. Cxirrent Expenditures for Varioue Kinds of ; ervioe 

per pupil in Average Daily Attendt^nce. 

Ihe effioienc/ of jiohool finance is not deterndned b^ the 
&iuountD of th' inuomo, nox" the tmount bpent upcn any ein^ 
item. The income omst be v.'ieeli' administered. Cklll Eiust uo 
Bhovvn in the handling of the money. In the folloi^ing oie- 
cuesiou the amouxita sijont upon rdirdnistration, supervision 
and iiiatruotloa, operation, and aaintenanoe -vill be diseuseed 
in terms of per pupil in avorrge dtily attendance, 
a. Administration. 

In a school system as in all business firms the adminis- 
trr.tion of the work is en important service. The whole oi'gan- 
i:-tttion toi:e& the tone cf the administrativa Bervice. liietitut- 
iioas. are vihat their s dminsitrc tion£ niake them. The public iE 
befiJmin? to realize this fawti, and today v.e find thtt higher 
4v larioB and better msn ore tljio mle in admins Itratlvo bcIiooI 
v'.'ork. The bojirda of education have come to •L'ealii:e thct it pfjs to 
adminif^ter the school eff iciexitly. In table 19 the figures show that 
in the eighteen cities from five to eigh thousand population 
that the range paid for adrainistraion per pupil In aver^ige 
dail-j,- attendance, iJ«* ver^ large. In some cities it •'t-as as high 
as |ja.6d while in others it vrent as low as i^.87 per pupil in 
average daily attendance, livideni^ly there is not nuch uniforiC- 
ity of practice in this matter. Those cities who ^^ore cloBe to 
the middle line re re spending about $)ii.27 for admlnistritlon. 
Charlevoix paid a median amount for the five years cf ?^1.86 
and this amotmt v.as inorea.sed in lalb-lV to ij;>2,ll for nftminib- 
tration. Evidently this type of service is bein^r given more 
attexition in Charlevoix, from the fact th t the superintendent 
who does most of this work is not required to teach, and can 



thereby gire more attention to this type of service. However in 
oomptring the dc ta found in tables 19 j-nd 21 it is evident that 
Charlevoix is spending f very lovr percent of the current expend- 
itures for administration. r>nly one city in the list of eighteen 
paid a lover per cent for administrf tlon than Chrrlevoix, and 
t?ie next lov^rer city in the list paid 4.:59 per cent as against 
Charlevoix's highest per cent of 3.78. In the examination of the 
T)er cent cost for edministrt-tion for the five yerrs in Ohrr- 
levoix it is found that the per cents have increased, -vhich 
shovrs that Charlevoix is rod 1 zing: the importance of this type 
of service. Since this type of work is so important as shown in 
another connection, and in viev/ of the amounts spent by other 
cityos, it .'ould seem wise for Charlevoix to in creese the expend- 
iture for admlnistr? tion. In pprt 2 of this thesis the Chf-^rlevoix 
system is shorn to be efficiently administered, under the present 
management, ./hich would point to the fact the the school system 
pays too little for adrainist ration, end that if the present standards 
are maintained more money shoult^. be spent upon this type of service, 
b. Supervision and Instruction. 
Supervision end iastruccion is the pivot point of .■" ny school 
system. It is for this type of service that the other types 
are orgiiized. If this tjrpe fails to perform efficiently its 
v.'ork then the other types of j::erviee are of little value. All 
types of school services should co-operate to mtke instruction 
a vital f; c'tor in the school E;,stem. The m;-;in aim of the achool 
in instrution anc closely sallied .Yith intstruotion is supervision. 
This type of serviee al vays received a large per oentof the total 



nmount spont for current exoenditures. Table 18, ly, EO, and u 
aho.. the axounts end per cents snent for fhls type 
of SBrvloe. In- reg- rd to supe -vision - nc lasttuction for tho five 
ye&rs the Chrrlevoiy system gf. ve this Important branch of school 
i^er\ice e median of .^30.05 and r median per cent of 60.83 per 
pupil in averng. dr.ily c.ttend!=^nce. The median In this regard 
represents very cl isely the r mounts spent for eech of the five 
years. In corapurison vdth the .•nmial amount spent per pupil for 
supervision anu insti-uction Charlevoix compares favorably with 
the eighteen cities, but in reg-^ru to the per cent spent fot this 
service Charlevoix is low as oompered "Ith the eighteen cities. 
In the five to eight thousand cl ns citlop the lorest per cent 
was 6u., for euperviaion unci instruction, "tiich vrri^ clooe to the 
percent spent b^ Clitrlevoix for three yenssofothe five, Tvhilft the 
hi^jhest per cent v/aa 78, and amny of the cities in the list 
of eighteen paid above 70 per cent for supervision and instruct- 
ion per pupil in average daily attendance. The tenure of office 
of the hi^ school faculty, tnt the rclati«ya low amounts pt^id to 
gruae instructors, as discussed in tnother connection vill help 
to explain thit. lo;. per cent spent for supervision snio instruction 
in Charlevoix, it vvoxzld seem a ■.7ise administrative policy to 
increase the amount dpont upo/i thi3 £,crvice in vie ; of its 
Importance, and tne practiju of other cities for this type of 
service. 

c. Operation. 

The provision una cax-e of property includtng the cost 
of vork done by the janitors anu other employees, cost of 
fuel, Tv"^ter, light and power, janitor's supplies etc, are 
exxential to a v. ell regulated school system. In Charlevoix 



the Pipxiaprement of the operation of the school plant is under the 
direction of the superintendent. JProm the previour discussion 
on the i: om of cost of fuel, it -.vould seem probable th'-:t it r/ould 
pay a large amount for the operation of the school plent. Also 
the janitor's supplies nve libera.! and of £ type that ms.kes for 
efficient service. The Uiost mode n methods of cleaning are em- 
ployed such as the use of disinfectants, deodersints, floor oil, 
B7;eeping comppunds in the operation of the sobool r>lant. Paper 
towels, liquid eoep are also provided in suffieient quantityr 
Charlevoix is ireeting" the modem ideas of sanitation. Tables 18, 
19, 20 fjic! 21 sho the comparison of Charlevoix with th eighteen 
cities for opersbing expense. Charlevoix paid a medisja for the 
ig»» 1>li« five years of ^8.66 and a median per cent of 15.55 
per pupil in average daily attendance. This record compared r/ith 
the cities of the 5000-8000 class sho.vs t)gat only two cities in 
th^t olGSs exceeded the amount soent per ^upll in avertvge 
daily attendance, and in reference to th? per cent expenditure 
for operation Gharlevoix v^as well in the middle of the list of 
the eighteen oitcis, Ho'vevex- in vie^? of the results obtainei 
by Cherlevoix the expense seems justified, 
e . Maintenance 

The modern 3chool building and the equipment such as bladk- 
boerds, ohalrB, desks, etc, ; re supposed to lest a considerable 
length of time. Eo-vever it is found tht t erch yeaf money must 
be expended to mf.intain the school plant. Old eauipment must 
be leplficed by m)V{ and more modern educationel apparatus. The 
buildings muct be repaired and the grounds placed in a more 
attractive condition. 

In the five years covered in this discussion Gharlevoix, 



has made a speoisl effort to aaintein the Bohools better than 
in the pust. EBpeclall^ is this true aB to interior decorating 
end the beautifying the Bchool grounds. Great improvement in 
the past five yeur« hue been made along thies lines. Tables 
18,19mE0 and £1 shovv the expend! tiire for Gharlevois and the 
eighteen cities used as a compirison. Charlevoix's median for 
meintenaaoe was ^4*52., per pupil in average daily attendance, and 
the per cent was 7.5ii. In comparison v/ith the eighteen oities 
only two cities or the 50u0-800a class paid above the aiaount 
spent by Oharlevoix for maintenance for per pupil in aver ge 
daily attendance. In the percent of expenditure for maintenance 
Charlevoix arxoeedad a little the middle murk of the eighteen 
cities. 



Table 18. 

Current Expenditures per pupil in average Dal^r Attendance 

for principal kinds of Service. Ch.'irlevoix. 

Year Administration 3uperylsion ^Operation Maintenance 

and 
Inatruotion 



1918-13 


1,11 


1913-14 


1.41 


1914-15 


1.98 


1915-16 


1.86 


1916-17 


2,11 



28.67 


9.74 


1.83 


28.58 


8.26 


1.40 


31.18 


7.93 


4.45 


30.06 


8.66 


4.43 


30.42 


10.29 


1.63 



Telbe 19. 
Per Cent of Expenditure (Current) Devoted to principal kinds of 
Service. (Heading Same as Above.) 
1912-13 1.13 54.09 

1913-14 2,70 60.83 

1914-15 2.62 66.78 

1915-16 3.43 60,92 

1916-17 3.78 63,49 



13.97 


1.82 


15.77 


2.68 


13.78 


7.62 


16.66 


7.94 


16.90 


26.28 



Tabl* 20. 

Onrrant •xp«nA Ituros v^r Pupil in Averag* Daily Attendance, for 

Prlnoipal Kinds of iSduoati onal Service* 18 cities, Population 

6000-8000, 1915. 

Oitj AAminiatration Superris- Operation Maintenanos 

ion & 
Instruction 



Indiana 










ConnersTille 


1.76 


28.27 


4.36 


4.10 


Lsbanon 


2.15 


28.06 


6.53 




KaAisoB 


a.99 


26.11 


3.61 


1.02 


SSTBOur 


2*09 


22.49 


3.37 


1.00 


Talpari8« 


• 87 


23.68 


6.36 


12.33 


Whiting 


6.68 


46.23 


12.36 


4.86 


Illinois 










Beard B town 


2,10 


19.09 


3.22 


1.83 


Belendere 


2.12 


27.32 


6.91 


3.16 


Oharlestown 


2.69 


24.64 


8.33 


2.00 


SdwardsTills 


2.47 


20.01 


3,08 


2.19 


Litshfield 


1.93 


17.61 


2.47 


i.n 


lladisoB 


2.30 


19.76 


4.01 


1.08 


Michigan 










Chsboygan 


2.27 


22.19 


6.39 


2.76 


Moviit Cleraens 


2.41 


24.28 


6.69 


2.66 


Wisconsin 










Baraboo 


1.71 


27.33 


8.61 


1.31 


Grand Rapids 


2.62 


27.10 


8.70 


3.14 


Usnominee 


2.60 


22,78 


7.07 


2.01 


Ileenah 


3.37 


24.36 


6.87 


6.21 



56. 



Tabl« 21. 

Per Cent of Bxpenfllturee (Current) Devoted to Prinoipal Kinds 
of Eduontional yervice, lU Cities • copulation X^OOO-SOOO. 

City Administration 



Indiana 




Connersvill* 


4.67 


Lebanon 


6.02 


Madison . 


8.87 


Seymour 


7.14 


Valpariso 


2.06 


Whiting 


9.64 


Illinois 




Beard stown 


8.01 


Bolvidere 


5.37 


Charleston 


7.75 


Edward STille 


8.90 


Litchfield 


8.12 


Madison 


8.47 


Mi chigan 




Cheboygan 


6.76 


Mount Clemens 


6.85 


WisounBin 




Baraboo 


4.39 


Grand Sap ids 


6.08 


Menominee 


7.52 


Ileenah 


8.47 



Supervision 


Operation 


Maintenance 


& 






Instruction. 






73.41 


11.38 


10.64 


78.50 


15.48 




77.41 


10.70 


3,02 


76.71 


12.73 


3.42 


60.00 


12.71 


29.23 


66.68 


17.83 


5.85 


72.73 


12.28 


6.98 


69.13 


17.48 


8.01 


71.10 


15.38 


6.76 


72.12 


11.09 


7.89 


74.22 


10.43 


7.22 


72.78 


14.78 


3.98 


66.02 


19.00 


8.22 


68.89 


16.73 


7.64 


70.14 


22.09 


^3.37 


65.36 


20.96 


7.57 


66.11 


20.52 


5. 88 


61.18 


17.25 


13.10 



S« Total Sxpendltures for Business and Educational Purposes* 

How does Charlevoix distribute its ourrent expenditures? 
The current expenditures are dirided into two main dlTlsions, first 
the expendittires for business and second the expenditures for 
educational purposes. Erery educational problem is on complete 
analysis a finaloial problem* The board members must deAide 
how much is to be spent upon the various phases of school work* 

T^eBducational expenditures include the coat of, superin- 
tendent fs office, salaries and expenses of prlnoipals and teachers, 
stationer/ and other educational expense. The business expenditures 
include the cost of; board of education, wages of Janitors, 
operation and maintenance. The first group applies to instruotion 
primarily, while the second group is significant only as it 
directly applies to education, ^fhat has been the distribution 
of money for these serrices? Has Charlevoix given greater emphasis 
to one phase than another* 

Table 22 shows the total amount spent for business in Char- 
levoix during the five years. The amount spent was rather uni- 
form the median being |9,296.20. In table 23ftu8 aiiovnt was shown 
to be about thirty five per oent of the total amount spent for 
otirrent expenses. This per cent was very ^igh compared with the 
per oent spent by the eighteen cities. Only one city exceeded this 
per oent, and many cities spent around twenty per cent or aone 

fifth, as against Charlevoix's one third, of the current expenses 
for ^siness. If Charlevoix is to expend this large amount for 
businesv, then the results should justify the expenditxire. If 
^^gr^^^oix spends (19.41 per pupil in average daily attendance 
for business, which is a large amount in oimparison with the 



amount spent by the eighteen oitlee, then either eduoatlonal 
advantages should result or some of the money spent for Huslneai 
shonld be transferred to the educational aotlvities. Charlevoix's 
business aotlvities as shovn by part two of this thesis seem to 
be well administered, 30 that the ohanoes are the high cost 
for bnlilness is justified, because it makes a strong eduoatlonal 
system. 

T)},« eduoatlonal expenditures in Charlevoix as shown by table 
E2 varied slightly for the five years. The median for this ex- 
penditure was $16,496.00. The education expenditures used in 
Charlevoix about sixt)^ per cent of the total revenue for current 
expenses. The per cent spent for eduoatlonal purposes in Char- 
leroiz was very low as compared to the per cents spent by the 
oitiea in the five to eight thousand class* I^early half of these 
oitioi virt paying around eighty per cent of the current expendi- 
ture for educational purposes. Only two oities in the liet of 
eighteen oould be classed with Charlevoix as to the per oent 
spent for educational ptirposes* Since a large portion of the 
amount of money spent for educational services is spent for 
salaries of teachers and supervisors, Charlevoix is either se- 
curing exceptionally good service at a low figure, or the cost 
for teachers and supervisors is low and the Instuction is 
inefficient. In anothor oomieotion, the fact that Charlevoix 
has no special supervisors was mentioned. This without doubt 
will partially explain the low per oent paid for educational 

purposes. Relajftively low salaries for teachers is another 

cause for the low per oent of expenditure for educational 
purposes, however the amount spent for eduoatlonal servioe 

should be gXK a matter for serious consideration by the adainis- 



tratlTe authorities* If the low amount spent for eduoatlozial 
purposes gives efficient instruction then i* is sufficient, 
but on the other hand inefficient instruction is the result 
then the amount and the per cent of the exDenditurefor education- 
al purposes should he increased. A survey of the instuction 
in Charlevoix would be necessary to determine the amount to 
be expended upon educational aotivities. 

By an examination of tables 24 and 25 the figures show that 
Wiarlevoix is paying a large amount per pupil in average daily 
attendance for both instructional and business ]>urpo8es, as 
compared withthe cities in the five to eight thousand class* 
Only tw cities of the eighteen came near paying as much for 
educational purposes, per pupil in average daily attendano© as 
Charlevoix'* The cost for business pxirposes was also large per 
pupil in average daily attendance, in Charlevoix as compared 
with expenditure for the same service in the eighteen oitlos* 
The cause for this large expenditure for educational and 
business purposes, may be partly exiSained by the fact that 
Charlevoix, expeoially in its high school had a small number 
of pupils per teacher. It would seem that a larger number of 
pupllsoould be educated in Charlevoix without materially in- 
creasing the cost of the school system. The increase in the 
number of pupils would decrease the cost per pupil in average 
attendance, provided the increase was not to the nuiabers that 
would make necessary added expenditures. However it would seem 
that a large per pupil cost is inherent in a small school system* 



tratlT9 authorities, ^f thd low amoiint spent for eduoatlonal 
purposeB gives efficient iustruotion then it is Buffloient, 
but on the other hand inefficient inatrnetion is the result 
then the aaount and the per cent of the expendltur«for eduoation- 
al purposes should he increased* A survey of the Instuotion 
in Charlevoix would be neoesaary to determine the amount to 
be expended upon educational aotlvities* 

By an exaalnation of tables £4 and 26 the figures show that 
•harlevoix is paying a large anount per pupil In average daily 
attendance for both instructional and business l)urpo8es, as 
oomparod withths cities in the five to ei^ht thousand class* 
Only tw cities of the eighteen came near paying as much for 
•duoational purposes, per pupil in average daily attendance as 
Charlevoix* The cost for business purposes was also large per 
pupil in average daily attendance, in Charlevoix as oompareA 
with expenditure for the same service in the eighteen oities* 
The cause for this large expenditure for educational and 
business purposes, may be partly explained by the fact that 
Charlevoix, exreoially in its high school had a small number 
of pupils per teacher* It would seem that a larger number of 
pupilscould be educated in Charlevoix without materially in- 
creasing the cost of the school system. The increase in the 
number of pupils would decrease the cost per pupil In average 
attendance, providei the increase was not to the numbers that 
would make neeessary added expenditures* However it would sesa 
that a large per pupil cost is inherent in a small school systsa* 



39 



T&hle 22 
Showing; Total Sxpeuditure for Business and Education, Charleyolx. 
?lve years. 



Year 



Total Expenditure for 

Business. 
13,069.99 
8,352.16 
9,676.95 
9,000.96 
9,^96.20 



Total expenditure for 

Sduoatlon 

1912-13 14,072.66 

1913-14 16,213.03 

1914-16 16,499.00 

1915-16 17,081.68 

1916-17 17,964.03 

Table 23 

Comparison of Total Per Cent, of all Ctirrent Expenditures, Deroted 

to educational and Business Purposes, Charlevoix, Five years. 

Per Cent Current Expenditures 
business Purposes 

48.1 

33. y 

36.9 

34.4 

34.1 
Table 24 
Comperiaon of Current Expenditures per Pupil in Average Daily 
Attendance, for all education &> Business Purposes Charlevoix, 6 Yearx. 
Tee-r Educational Purposes Business Purposes. 



Year- 


Per Cent Cxirrent 
Expenditures, Educa- 
tional purposes. 


1912-13 


51.8 


1913-14 


66. 


1914-15 


63.1 


1915-16 


65.6 


1916-17 


65.9 



1912-13 $33.41 

1913-14 34.57 

1914-15 27.32 

1915-16 35.58 

1916-17 37.50 



26.08 
17.81 
21.89 
18.75 

19.41 



Table S5. 



40. 



Comparison of Ctirrent ExpendittireB per Pupil In Average Daily 
Attendance, for all Educational, and all Business Purposes, 18 
Cities of 5000-8000 Popilatlon. 



City Expenditures per Pupil in Average Daily Attendance. 
Educational Purposes Business Purposes. 



Indiana 


#28.27 


#10.24 


Lebanon 


30.05 


5.68 


Kadi son 


28.19 


5.54 


Seymour 


24.3^ 


6.01 


Valparlso 


ZZ.6Z 


18.56 


Whiting 


49.75 


19.57 


Illinois 






Beardstown 


20.99 


5.26 


Belvidere 


29.19 


10.32 


Charles To^n 


27.06 


7.50 


fidwardsville 


22.24 


5.51 


Litchfield 


19.54 


4.19 


Madison 


21.81 


5.22 


Michigan 






Cheboygan 


23.76 


9.86 


Mount Clemens 


26.36 


8.88 


Wisconsin 






Baraboo 


28.56 


10.41 


Grand Rapids 


29.18 


12.27 


Meniminee 


24.88 


9.68 


fieenah 


26.83 


12,97 



Table 26. 41 

Comparison of Total Per Cent of All Current Expenditures, 
Devoted to iiduoational and Business Purposes, 18 Cities of 
6000-8000 Population, 193 5. 

City Per Cent of All Current Expenditures DeToted to 

Educational Purposes Business Purposes. 

Indiana 7S.41 36.57 

Connersvills 
Lebanon 
Madison 
Seymour 
Valperiso 
Whiting 

Illinois 
Beardetown 
Belvidere 
CharlestoM 
Sdwardsvills 
Litchfield 
Madison 

Michig:en 
Cheboygan 
Mount Clemens 
Wisconsin 
Baraboo 
Grand Rapids 
Menominee 
ISeenah 



84.10 


16.90 


as. 60 


16.40 


8^.93 


17.07 


66.00 


44.00 


VI, 77 


28.23 


80.00 


20.00 


73.88 


26.12 


78.07 


21.93 


80.14 


19.86 


8ii.Z4 


17.66 


80.40 


19.60 


70.70 


29.30 


74.79 


25.21 


73.29 


25.71 


70.40 


29.60 


72.1i0 


27.60 


67.48 


32.58 



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On sale at the Boolcttares of the Univeraity of Chicago Press. Chicago. Illir 



I. Total reoelpts and expenditures* 

The receipts from all sources for District No.l Charlevoix 
City and Township are shown in table 27. The largest amount 
during the five years was in 1912-13, when the total reoelpts 
were |27,6d6.25« Ths lowest amount was the following year, it 
being $24,702.33. The gain in the total receipts has not been 
very great in the five years. If the oonditions were not 
static in Charlevoix the supply of money received from year to 
ysar would not meed the educational needs* 

However table 27 shows that the disbursements have been 
just equal to the reoelpts. A very small balance has remained 
at the end of each year. But such a close margin between the 
expenditures and the receipts shows that the money secured each 
year from the various sources has been used to maintain the ad- 
ministration of the school system. The balances do not provide 
for any increase in the present activities of the school system. 

The figures in table 28 give an idea of the increase in 
the valuation of the Charlevoix school district. It demonstrates 
that the increase in valuation has been very uniform and slow. 
At present the rate of taxation Charlevoix is supporting the school 
system at about the rate of $7.35 per thousand dollars of assessed 
valuation. 

The people of Charlevoix have not made any complaint about 
the taxation to the board of education tp to the present time. 
Just how far the board of education could raise the mill rate, on 
the taxable property, and thus secure more mo4ey, with which to 
enlarge the present scope of the school system is a matter of 
conjecture. 



without doubt Bn inoi'ease in the tax rat« T/ill "be deuandeA 
in the Inmttdiate future to meet the ever gi^owing neeaa of a 
more dlyeralfled currioulum, and to meet the increased oost 
of Insturotional swrvioe. The board of eduoation can test 
the temi^er of the people, for it seems quite certain the inoreaued 
amount du« to an enlargement of the valuation of the district will 
not take care of the added expense, brought about lay a more 
diversified curriculum. 



49. 

Tabla E7 
Table showing the Total Heoelpts and Total Blsbursements, and 
Balanoee, for five years, Charlevoix. 
Tear Total Heoelpts Total Plsbiirsements BalauoeSi 



1912-13 |27, 686.25 27.131.55 

1913-14 24,702.33 24.565.20 

1914-15 26,892.36 26,174.94 

1915-16 26.853.29 26,082.64 

1916-17 27,19g,87 26,260.23 



$554.70 
136.63 
767.41 
770.66 
932.64 



Table 28. 
Table shov/ing the Total Assessed Valuation of Chsrlevoix, 
Total Amount Received from Taxation, number of Dollars per 1000 
dollars valuation. Charlevoix. 



Tear Total Assessed 
Valuation of 
District 

1912-13 $2,467,760 

1913-14 2,491,145 

1914-15 2,584,840 

1916-16 2,598,215 

1916-17 2,640,815 



Total Received Nximber of Dollars 



Froa 
Taxation 

124,390.30 

18,329.09 

20,493.06 

18,169.47 

18,418.51 



per 1000 Dollars 
Valuation. 

|9.92 

7.36 

7.92 

6.96 

6.97 



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13 14 15 



at the Uookstores o» the Oniversity ot Chicago Press, Chicago, Illii 



J» Summary, 

In the discussion of the Cost and Management of the 
Public Sohoole of Charlevoix, Michigan, I have brought out the 
facts in reference to the aain sources of revenue. Prom thes* 
sources of revenue the money xi3c is secured to maintain the 
Charlevoix public school system, in all it various details. 
The sources of revenue are an important problom in the in- 
vestigation of any school system. In the examination of these 
sources X have determined something of the ability of the school 
system to secure the proper amount of money for the education of 
the yough of the city of Oharievoix. In the study of these con- 
ditions for a series of years., I determined the rate of growth, 
and havs attempted to predict in some measure the events of the 
future* 

In connection with the discussion of the sources of revenue, 
ths amounts that have been obtained as revenue for the school 
system of Charlevoix for the five years under discussion, have 
also been secured. A ^owle^ige of the amounts received, for a 
series of years, made possible the comparison with the revenue 
of other places simillarly located, and in some measure to determint 
the manner in which Oharlevoix has met the present praotioe of 
school expenditure. 

Such a comparison as mentioned above, has shown that in 
Charlevoix the conditions are very static. The revenue from all 
souross was very constant for the five years covered by the in- 
Test igat ion. Uharlevoix has not grown, and the amount of money 
with which to ran the sahools has not materially increased^ 



Hor can the people of Charlevoix hope to secure through an in- 
crease in the assessed valuation of either the city of Charlevoix 
or the township of Charlevoix, a much larger anio\int of money, 
than at present is being secured* 

Neither will the primary money received from the state of 
Michigan he greatly increased, as this amount depends directly 
upon the growth of the school population. Ehe amount received 
from the state has been very constant and bids fair to remain 
at about the same level* 

Charlevoix is now crowding its teachers, in respect to the 
number of pupils per teacher. In comparison v/ith the eighteen 
cities, Charlevoix stands seventh in secondary schools, and 
thirteenth in elementary sohools, as regards the number of 
pupils per teacher, in average daily attendance. Charlevoix ia 
offering a diversified course of study in the high school, and 
by such raeAhods is increasing the cost per pupil materially. 
The fact that Charlevoix is on the Horth Cer tral list would show 
that it is attempting to meet standards that are not within the 
reach of the average small school. 

In comparison with the eighteen cities Charlevoix's cost 
per pupil in average daily attendance is exceptionally high. In 
fact a town of the size of Charlevoix could hardly be expected 
to make equal provision v. 1th to^ms of about tv/ioe the siae. However 
the reverse is the actual conditions. Charlevoix is paying more 
per pupil in average daily attendance than all but one of the 
cities in the BOOO-8000 class. A disoussion of the probable 
cause of this ghgh rate can be found in the main discussion* 



The amounts spent for various principal kinds of service 
per pupil in average daily at-tendanoe, plaoee Ch rlevoix well 
tip in the list of eighteen cities of from five to eifeht thousand- 
population. In faot t ese expenditures seem to be highes than 
could be expeoted of a city the size of oharlevoix. It *as how- 
ever pointed out that in small sohools, where they attempt to give 
the best opportunity to ail the students, by offering a diversi- 
fied course of study that the dost per pupilin average attendance 
would be very ^±^, l^lsl^t because of the relatively few people who 
oould be served. Thus in the investigation the faots show that 
Charlevoix is paying a high amount for salaries, for educational 
supplies, for janitor service, and for fuel, per pupil in average 
dally attendance, as compared with the cities from five to eight 
thousand population. 

But upon the bread er lines of administration, eupervivion 
and instruction, operation and mtantenance, Charievfiix is spending 
a low or average amount, as compared with the cities from five 
to eight thousand. 

The percentage spent upon the business side of school 
administration is large in Charlevoix. On the other hand the amount 
spent upon the instruction side is too small. Charlevoix is evi- 
dently making more of the business administration than it is of the 
educational side of school work. It would seem that -aore money 
oould be spend upon the later service. The organization of the 
business activities seem to be v;ell organized, and should secare 
efficient results. 



X. Heoommendatlons* 

P.eooiomended that more money be spent upon the salaries 
of both elementary and high school teachers. 

Recommended that the course of study be investigated 
with a view to determining the work th t is being done« 

Recommended that if poeeible thstt some changes be made so 
as to cieorease the cost per pupil in average dally attendance. 

P.ecommonded that the educational side of school administra- 
tion be given more attention. 

Recommended thct the business side of school administration 
be examined to determine, if the money spent in this type of 
8«rvloe is wisely expended. 



Part II. 
Z* Business Management 

A. Election of board of education. 

The la» provided that In the case of Charlevoix tht the 
goard of education shall be five In number, one to be elected 
for a term of one year, two for a tena of two years, and two 
for a term of three years, and annually thereafter, a successor 
or successors, to the members or member, whose term of office 
expire. 

This method of election makes it impossible for the total 
number of board of education to be new at one election. If 
we consider the probability of the old members being elected again, 
the me I hod nearly always make a majority of the bo-^rd of ednea- 
tlon old members with some experience. This method provides for a 
general policy to be adopted , and for the bre»^.lrlng in of new members. 

B* Organization of tho board of education. 

From a legal standpoint the board of education has full con- 
trol of the CJhflrlevolx school system^ both from the business and 
educational standpoint. It is Important however in this day of 
speolalisation to determine just how far the board of education 
administers the school activities, and how far they delegate 
their work to others who are trained in the special fields of 
school activities. 

In 1914-15 the board of education entered upon its minutes 
the resolution in the form of a motion, that the bo^.rd of educa- 
tion should be divided into the following commltties; education 
buildings and repairs, and finance. The exact number of men that 
should be p).aoed upon the several committees was not stated. How- 
ever it has been the usual custom to place two men on each committee. 



While these oommlttoes still exist It Is more and more 
the xmwritten polloy of the boarfl of education, to delegate 
as much of the school adrainletratlon as possible to the superin- 
tendent. The buying of all supplies for the buildings, both 
eduoetlonal and janitorial is the workofj^the provsent superintendent. 
The bills for these goods are presented to the board of education 
with the signature of rhe superintendent, and are paid from the 
reveral funds. Just how far this process might be carried on has 
never been tested. The board of education will probably continue 
the policy as long as they have confidence in the administrative 
ability of the superintendent. 

In the larger ma ters of expenditures euoh as the purchase 
of fuel or extencive repairs or large capital outlay, the problem 
at h^nd is presented to the board of education, and sealed bids 
together with specification, are secured for the service to be 
rendered. The problem is then discucsed by the board of education, 
and the question decided by a majority vote of the board. By 
this method it is impossible for any one member of the board to 
exercise any ^reat degfee of authority without the consent of 
the other members* 

This division of the work, gives the superintendent power to 

is 
control those r.urohases, in which he most vitally interested. It 

is thus possible for him to secure the proper educational and janitor- 
ial supplies, with which to run the school efficiently. In the larger 
matters of repairs and ptirohases, he is also given a chance to express 
his ideas, as to their value to the school system. 



a* Superintendent as a business manager. 

In Cheorlevoix the superintendent is not required to teach. 
This arrangement gives him sufficient time for his admlnistrativt 
work. Such a practice maftes the superintendent as faras ail prao- 
tifal purposes are ooncernsAthe business manager of the sohool 
system. The sohool board is iinanimous in supporting this policy. 
It is its opinion that better work can be done than if each 
member of the board of education exercised all the rights that 
are given by law. In this regard the board of education is in 
the advance of the general practice, in tovm of the size of 
Ohnrlevoix. It is a common oocurence for the board of education to 
assume the administration of the school svBtem, in all its ftetaila. 
Under such condition the superintendent is used as a clerk without 
pov/er to administer or command obedience. Vihere such conditions 
exist a clash is bound to occur between the dual administrative 
agents^. Such a system cnnnot hold men long in administrative 
positions. Frequent changes ?re sure to occur under the conditions 
mentioned. 

C. Clerical help of the Board of Education. 

The clerical T7ork of the board of education is -one in the 
superintendent's office, by clerical help supervised by the superin- 
tendent. Here all bills are checked and in case of mistake the 
correct araounte are tetermined. In cat-e the bill calls for payment 
of services, that does not come under the work assigned to the super- 
intendent the bill is left for the proper committee. Some ydars 
this olericJl help^ is advanced students from the high sohool 
commercial department, and at o'her times it may be a trained 
stenographer that tives part time to this work. 



13. Pinanoial problems of Ch rlevoix 
A. Porrer of board of education to tax, 

Th« Bohool tax fcs Toted eaoh year is the main source of 
revenue as has been shorn in part I of this thesis. The boird 
of education is informed by the assessing officer of both the city 
and to^ynship of Charlevoix, before the first day of July of eaoh 
year, a« to the amount of real and personal property as assessed on 
their several rolls, After this report is made the roftla oannot be 
ohanf;ed, except by the Board of Tax Commission. 

The board of education reports to the township and to the 
City Clerk, on or before the first day of October, showing the ner- 
oentege of taxes to be levied for all school purposes. It then be- 
comes the duty of the siipervlsors of the township of Char levoix 
and of the city of Charlevoix to sxiread upon their rolls the amount 
of school tax, as shown by the reports of the board of education. 

The board of education shall estimate and vote the amoimt of 
tax neoessaryV in at'dltion to other school funds, for fuel, for 
teachers wages, and incidental expenses, for the ensuing year, and 
when the voters fail or neglect the same to eatimate and vote 
the amount of ts-x necessary for salaries of officers and servants. 
B. Collection of Money. 

Taxes for fcohool purposes so ansesaefi and levied, are collect- 
ed by the townr.hip and the city resnoctively, and then paid to the 
school district, upon a warrant of the secretary, in favor of the 
treasurer. All delinquent school taxes of the f:!chool district are 



oolleoted hj the oounty treasurer or the Auditor General. These are 
reported and paid to the treasurer of the &ehool dibtrict, 

S. aohool Buildings. 
A. Operation. 

a. Janitorial service. 

'Jhe operation of the school buildings are under the control 
of the Buperintendent. The janitors and fireman are under his oontrol 
also. They are respontsihle to him for tholr work and Tor Buch iu- 
Btruotiou as may hu neoessary. The superintendent dispences with 
their services at any time when thiir servioea are not profltalble. 

In a smo.ll system it ia impossible to secure trained men 
in the position of JHnltors. The superintendent secures the beet 
men possible, for the positions, In the smaller ward buildings It has 
been possible to secure a nQu-r by resident for janitorial work. 
In these buildings the janitor also serves as Tireman. 

The two other buildings of the system are situated close to- 
gether and are heated from a central heating plant which is in 
the Union Builriing. In the Union building the jajiitor takes core 
of the sweeping and siiiiiliar services besides firing for the Union 
and high school buildings. 

In the hifeh school building the work for the past few years 
has been done entirely by student help. Studont janitorial help 
seems to be very efficient. 

All rooms are supposed to be sqept onoe a day. Sweeping 
compound is used to Keep down the dust, and oil dusters are used 
on the furniture. About onoe a monih all the desks are washed with 
a mixture of water and disinfectant toremove all germs if possible. 
Mopping in all the buildings is done about three times a year. This 
work Is done by student help who are supervised by the regular 



Janitors. 

The salaries of the janitors ire not dependent upon aiiy 
fixed 3oale 3uch as the number of rooms, or the number of 8c|uar« 
feet of floor space. In the Union building, where the Janitor is 
also flroraan he reoeived $65 per month and houserent. 'I'he total is 
above |75 per month. Estimating the firing aud the ^janitoi^l 
aerviota aboiit oqiial, he rooalved |37.50 for each servioe per month. 
The Janitors in the two w?ird building receive i|20 per month each. 
The high school .janitor receives ^30 per month. The salaries of 
the Janitors rsnge from |£.7£ to |3.40 per month per room. 
b. Upkeep of grounds. 

All Janl'.ors except the high schocl Janitor, also have charg* 
of the grounds. The lawne (5o not need much attention until the 
pressing need for fires has gone, therefore the work on the lairaB 
is substituted for the firing work. 

e. Distribution of educational and janitorial supplies. 

AH supplies for the school system are handled throuth the 
Janitor of the Union building, to the janitors of the various 
liulldings. . Educational supplies are ordered weekly by the teaoher|rf 
through the Janitor of the various buildings. Ko account of ths 
supplies used by the various buildings is keptl Supplies are gn 
bought practically a year in advance, eructations and bids are secured, 
upon the materials ufod, but no attempt has been made to standardize 
the supplies. 

a. Coal. 

Coal is purchased by the Board of education in april for the 

following yepT. This fuel is secured through the local dealers by 
sealed bids. Soft ooal is the type used in all the school 



buildings of the ayetem. The hlda stute the grade, prloe and 
time of delivery. Ho attempt to date has been macie to determine 
the cofubustion value of the various grades that are offered for 
purchase. On the average about two hundred and fifty tons are 
purchased during the month of April, and delivered before the 
olose of the school year. This is not a year's supply but it 
lasts until February or March. The capacities of che dIbs is the 
only thing that prevents a years aupply from being on hand at the 
beginning of each school year/i, 
B. Msintenanoe, 

a. Minor repairs. 

All current minor repairs are done through the Janitorial 
service, under the supervision of the superintendent, These repairs 
are quire easily handled through this source, 

b, Suiamer repairs. 

The summer repairs are under the control of the buildings 
anrf repairs ooiairftittee of the board of education. This vsork ia 
generally done by contract, v.ith specif ioationa. The work has 
been very satlsfaotory in most cJises. 

4. Summary, 

Cb rloTOix public school administrators, in managing the 
■ohool system, have caught the modern trend of the industrial 
org4nioation. While legally the board of education could adminis- 
ter the activities of the schools, yet they delegate their duties 
to others 'vho have mj^de the educational and business side of school 
administration a subject of special study. By employing a siqjerinten- 
dent that Is for all purposes concerned the business a»anager of the 
school system, they have a system In which there is considerable 



unity. In oas. the work does not 



progress, it is 



PO SlKT 



to locate the cause and plaoe the blame. 

The BTiperintendent is the logical person, in a small school 
system to control the smallor details of the operation of the 
school plant. The board of education does not hrxve the time 
to devote to smaller matters of school administration. Each member 
of the board has work of his own th it demands his attention. 
Moat of the members of the bord of education are willing to give 
the poople of the community, the benefit of their experience, in 
the matters of general policy, fur further than that tliey v.tq ^m.- 
wllling to serve. If such is pot the case, their services are 
under most conditions not of value to the school district. 

In case of janitorial service, the average board of education 
does not fully understand the duties of the people in this claas of 
service. They are too f~r removed from the work to know the supplies 
that are required. The demands of this type are still changing, 
and they cannot afford to be familiar v.ith the most modern nelhods, 
bicause of the time thit would be taken from their regular vocations* 
Even if they could keep abreast of the times, in matters of method, 
It would be almoBt impossible to secure the operation of the best 
results in the schools. Beo&use of the limited amount of time 
they could spend with the janitors in putting theee methods into 
operation. Again the Janitor and the board are too for removed 
from each other, to secure the best of co-operation. 

The superintendent on the other hand is in close touch with 

the needs of the school. In the administration of his office 
it is possible for him to keep in contact with the beat of 

praotioes, and thereby mak« the janitorial \'ork of a superior kind. 

If this typs of work is under +», 

'^^^T the rift^ife^i^^^on pf the superintendent 

^ Of the SUBev. 



a better co-operation oan be secured. The close touch between 
the toachars on the one hand and the .'janitor on the other, makes 
a close co-ordin«ition here rjossihle. By this laethod the teaohere 
can secure the neeaed changes, for more effective instruction, 
and the superintendent as a result of his administrative power 
can see to it that the ohanges are secnrea. Thus in fiiany oaaea 
the school work is able to move with greater freedom, than 
would be the ease, if the boird of education administered the work 
of the janitorial staff. 

This is not only of benefit to the school, but it is of 
equal benefit to the janitors. In Charlevoix the janitor e have 
only one Terson to receive orders from, end are thus free from the 
many boss problems that would arise, if the management of this 
service was under the supsrvision of the board of education. Again 
the janitor oan secure a closer contact wtth tne superintendent 
than he could ^aI th the bc^rd of education, and thus the work is 
generally done with greater dispatch. 

In the making of minor repairs, which t-re very often im- 
portant greater efficiency oan be secured,. If the changes 
needed ars reported by teachers, or by the janitors theaselves 
the work is given immediate attention. If the work is Lo be done 
by the Janitors, it is reported to him. In case the work needs 
more expert workman, arrangements can be made for such work to bo 
dona in the near futtire. In any case the repairs are made .vith mors 
spoed, than oould be possible. If these matters were left to some 
member of the Bonrd of education. 

The oldering of educational supplies is a detailed proposition, 

in which the co-operation of the teachers and the janitors should 
Play an important part. These peopl^ together with the 



superintendent have the best knowledge of what Is needed. It 
seems then grood polioy to allow the superintendent, to have full 
oontroll of these supplies. Suoh a plan is carried on in Charle- 
TOix, and is found to work to the satisfaction of all concerned* 
The distribution of these supplies is done very efficiently, 
thro most concerned, and thro the janitor of the Union Building 
who has complete knowledge of these Supplies. 

The larger matters of repairs, and capital outlays are 
well handled through the board of education committees. In most 
of these oases a large experfliture of money is involved, and a 
general polioy is involved. It seems proper that suoh work 
should be done by the board of education, in small systems. 

Recomraendati one • 

1, Reoommended that the board of education require at least 

a monthly report from the superintendent as to the reapir work done^ 

and repair work contemplated. 

S. P.BOommendefl that the business administration of the Charlevoix 

School system be investigated, to try and determine if a reduction 

in its cort might be effected, without decreasing the present 

effloioncy. 

5, Recommended that the payment for janitorial services be put 

upon a standard basis, in order that comparisons may be made with 

other school systems. 

4/ Recommended that a more complete standardization of supplies 
be worked out, in order to secure greater uniformity. 



5* HeoonBnended that an aocount be kept of the supplies ueed 

In each building, and if possible for each t^ude in the elementary 

schools, and each deprtment in the high oohool. 

6. Recominended that the purchase of i"uel be made only after 

oombuBtion tests have been secured. 

?• Hecommended that the board of education rer;uire a report of 

all committeeB, upon the completion of any v/ork done tinder their 

supervision. 2hls report to contain the cost of work at completion, 

as oompared with the estiaatas ^lyen, or the dontraots entered into. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



021 289 865 A 



